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On the comparison of different kernel functionals and neighborhood geometry for nonlocal means filtering

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Abstract

The present work proposes a review and comparison of different Kernel functionals and neighborhood geometry for Nonlocal Means (NLM) in the task of digital image filtering. Some different alternatives to change the classical exponential kernel function used in NLM methods are explored. Moreover, some approaches that change the geometry of the neighborhood and use dimensionality reduction of the neighborhood or patches onto principal component analysis (PCA) are also analyzed, and their performance is compared with respect to the classic NLM method. Mainly, six approaches were compared using quantitative and qualitative evaluations, to do this an homogeneous framework has been established using the same simulation platform, the same computer, and same conditions for the initializing parameters. According to the obtained comparison, one can say that the NLM filtering could be improved when changing the kernel, particularly for the case of the Tukey kernel. On the other hand, the excellent performance given by recent hybrid approaches such as NLM SAP, NLM PCA (PH), and the BM3D SAPCA lead to establish that significantly improvements to the classic NLM could be obtained. Particularly, the BM3D SAPCA approach gives the best denoising results, however, the computation times were the longest.

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Acknowledgments

The first author acknowledge all support given by the Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas (UAZ) during the years 2014-2015 to realize one academic year (invited professor-researcher) of leave at the Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON). Additional acknowledgements for the support given by CONACyT, particularly the postgraduate programs in Electrical Engineering Sciences of both institutions (UAZ and ITSON). Also, our deep gratitude to the Secretaría de Educación Pública (SEP) of Mexico, this work was partially supported through the PIFI 2014-2015 Mexican Program from UAZ. Finally, we acknowledge the valuable comments and recommendations made by two anonymous reviewers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Unidad Académica de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Antiguo Camino a la Bufa No. 1, Col. Centro., Zacatecas, C. P. 98000, México

    José I. de la Rosa, Jesús Villa-Hernández, Hamurabi Gamboa, José G. Arceo & Efrén González

  2. Depto. de Ingeniería Eléctrica y Electrónica, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Campus Náinari, Av. Antonio Caso No. 2266, Col. Villa ITSON, Cd. Obregón, Sonora, C.P. 85130, Mexico

    José I. de la Rosa & Joaquín Cortez

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  1. José I. de la Rosa
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  2. Jesús Villa-Hernández
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  3. Joaquín Cortez
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  4. Hamurabi Gamboa
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  5. José G. Arceo
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  6. Efrén González
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Correspondence to José I. de la Rosa.

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de la Rosa, J.I., Villa-Hernández, J., Cortez, J. et al. On the comparison of different kernel functionals and neighborhood geometry for nonlocal means filtering. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 1205–1235 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-016-4322-1

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