Abstract
Highly detailed polygonal meshes nowadays were created vastly from a great number of multimedia applications. Insufficient main memory space and inferior locality-of-reference nature of the input mesh sequence incurred frequent page swaps and extremely low runtime efficiency. To address this issue, techniques based on the models of graph layout, matrix bandwidth minimization, and space-filling-curves were reported. However, such models merely considered the optimization of vertex layout on the basis of the graph distance or matrix bandwidths while leave the optimization of face layout either unoptimized or resorted an additional sorting procedure. In this paper, we propose an improved theoretic model suggesting the optimization of index-faced triangular mesh layout on the basis of a jointly consideration on both the vertex and face layout. Unlike previous attempts, we do not need additional efforts in optimizing one layout after the other by sorting, the optimized layouts are generated on the fly with each other with respect to both the vertex or triangle bandwidths. According to the experimental results, our approach outperforms the CM and SFC methods not only at yielding better theoretical results but also at improving the runtime efficiency of large mesh simplification.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn M, Guskov I, Lee S (2006) Out-of-core remeshing of large polygonal meshes. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 12(5):1221–1228. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2006.169
Bar-Yehuda R, Gotsman C (1996) Time/space tradeoffs for polygon mesh rendering. ACM Trans Graph 15(2):141–152. doi:10.1145/234972.234976
Bender MA, Kuszmaul BC, Teng SH, Wang K (2011) Optimal cache-oblivious mesh layouts. Theory Comput Syst 48(2):269–296. doi:10.1007/s00224-009-9242-2
Bogomjakov A, Gotsman C (2002) Universal rendering sequences for transparent vertex caching of progressive meshes. Comput Graph Forum 21(2):137–149. doi:10.1111/1467-8659.00573
Bolitho M, Kazhdan M, Burns R, Hoppe H (2007) Multilevel streaming for out-of-core surface reconstruction Proceedings of the 5th eurographics symposium on geometry processing, SGP’07. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1281991.1282001. Eurographics Association, Aire-la-Ville, Switzerland, pp 69–78
Brodal GS (2004) Cache-oblivious algorithms and data structures. In: Hagerup T, Katajainen J (eds) Proceedings of the algorithm theory - SWAT 2004: 9th Scandinavian workshop on algorithm theory, Humlebæk, Denmark. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 3–13. DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-27810-8_2, (to appear in print)
Cabiddu D, Attene M (2015) Large mesh simplification for distributed environments. Comput Graph 51:81–89. doi:10.1016/j.cag.2015.05.015. International Conference Shape Modeling International
Chen HK, Fahn CS, Lin MB (2007) The storage independent polygonal mesh simplification system Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on virtual reality, ICVR’07. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1770090.1770092. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 3–12
Chen HK, Fahn CS, Tsai JJ, Lin MB (2006) A novel cache-based approach to large polygonal mesh simplification. J Inf Sci Eng 22(4):843–861
Chow MM (1997) Optimized geometry compression for real-time rendering Proceedings of the 8th conference on visualization ’97, VIS’97. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=266989.267103. IEEE Computer Society Press, NY, USA, p 347
Cignoni P, Montani C, Rocchini C, Scopigno R (2003) External memory management and simplification of huge meshes. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 9 (4):525–537. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2003.1260746
Cuthill E, McKee J (1969) Reducing the bandwidth of sparse symmetric matrices Proceedings of the 1969 24th national conference, ACM ’69. doi:10.1145/800195.805928. ACM, NY, USA, pp 157–172
Deering M (1995) Geometry compression Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, SIGGRAPH ’95. doi:10.1145/218380.218391. ACM, USA, pp 13–20
Demaine ED (2002) Cache-oblivious algorithms and data structures. Lect Notes EEF Summer Sch Massive Data Sets 8(4):1–249
Derzapf E, Menzel N, Guthe M (2010) Parallel view-dependent out-of-core progressive meshes. Realismus der Echtzeitgrafik:61
Díaz J., Petit J, Serna M (2002) A survey of graph layout problems. ACM Comput Surv 34(3):313–356. doi:10.1145/568522.568523
Esposito A, Catalano MSF, Malucelli F, Tarricone L (1998) A new matrix bandwidth reduction algorithm. Oper Res Lett 23(3-5):99–107. doi:10.1016/S0167-6377(98)00040-6
Farias R, Silva CT (2001) Out-of-core rendering of large, unstructured grids. IEEE Comput Graph Appl 21(4):42–50
Frigo M, Leiserson CE, Prokop H, Ramachandran S (2012) Cache-oblivious algorithms. ACM Trans Algorithm (TALG) 8(1):4
Garland M, Heckbert PS (1997) Surface simplification using quadric error metrics Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, SIGGRAPH ’97. doi:10.1145/258734.258849. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., NY, USA, pp 209–216
Gibbs NE, William G, Poole J, Stockmeyer PK (1976) An algorithm for reducing the bandwidth and profile of a sparse matrix. SIAM J Numer Anal 13 (2):236–250. doi:10.1137/0713023
Hoppe H (1998) Smooth view-dependent level-of-detail control and its application to terrain rendering Proceedings of the visualization’98. IEEE, pp 35–42
Hoppe H (1999) Optimization of mesh locality for transparent vertex caching Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques, SIGGRAPH ’99. doi:10.1145/311535.311565. ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., NY, USA, pp 269–276
Isenburg M, Gumhold S (2003) Out-of-core compression for gigantic polygon meshes. ACM Trans Graph 22(3):935–942. doi:10.1145/882262.882366
Isenburg M, Lindstrom P (2005) Streaming meshes visualization, 2005. VIS 05. doi:10.1109/VISUAL.2005.1532800. IEEE, pp 231–238
Isenburg M, Lindstrom P, Gumhold S, Snoeyink J (2003) Large mesh simplification using processing sequences Proceedings of the 14th IEEE Visualization 2003 (VIS’03), VIS ’03. doi:10.1109/VISUAL.2003.1250408. IEEE Computer Society, DC, USA, p 61
Isenburg M, Lindstrom P, Snoeyink J (2005) Streaming compression of triangle meshes ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Sketches. ACM, p 136
Koller D, Trimble J, Najbjerg T, Gelfand N, Levoy M (2006) Fragments of the city: Stanford’s digital forma urbis romae project. J Roman Archaeol Suppl Ser 19(61):237–252
Li L, Schemenauer N, Peng X, Zeng Y, Gu P (2002) A reverse engineering system for rapid manufacturing of complex objects. Rob Comput Integr Manuf 18 (1):53–67. doi:10.1016/S0736-5845(01)00026-6
Lillesand T, Kiefer RW, Chipman J (2014) Remote sensing and image interpretation. Wiley
Lin G, Yu TPY (2006) An improved vertex caching scheme for 3d mesh rendering. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 12(4):640–648. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2006.59
Lindstrom P (2000) Out-of-core simplification of large polygonal models Proceedings of the 27th annual conference on computer graphics and interactive techniques. ACM Press, Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, pp 259–262
Lindstrom P, Pascucci V (2001) Visualization of large terrains made easy Proceedings of the conference on visualization ’01, VIS’01. http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=601671.601729. IEEE Computer Society, DC, USA, pp 363–371
Lindstrom P, Pascucci V (2002) Terrain simplification simplified: a general framework for view-dependent out-of-core visualization. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 8(3):239–254
Liu R, Zhang H, van Kaick O (2006) Spectral sequencing based on graph distance Proceedings of the 4th international conference on geometric modeling and processing, GMP’06. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 630–636. DOI 10.1007/11802914_50, (to appear in print)
Miller GL, Teng SH, Thurston W, Vavasis SA (1998) Geometric separators for finite-element meshes. SIAM J Sci Comput 19(2):364–386. doi:10.1137/S1064827594262613
Park JS, Chung MS, Hwang SB, Shin BS, Park HS (2006) Visible Korean human: its techniques and applications. Clin Anat 19(3):216–224
Pascucci V, Frank RJ (2001) Global static indexing for real-time exploration of very large regular grids Proceedings of the 2001 ACM/IEEE conference on supercomputing, SC ’01. ACM, NY, USA, p 2, DOI 10.1145/582034.582036, (to appear in print)
Petit J (2013) Addenda to the survey of layout problems. Bullet EATCS 3(105)
Sagan H (1994) Space-filling curves. Universitext. Springer, New York. http://cds.cern.ch/record/1609380
Sajadi B, Jiang S, Gopi M, Heo JP, Yoon SE (2011) Data management for ssds for large-scale interactive graphics applications Symposium on interactive 3D graphics and games, I3D ’11. ACM, NY, USA, pp 175–182. DOI 10.1145/1944745.1944775, (to appear in print)
Sander PV, Nehab D, Chlamtac E, Hoppe H (2008) Efficient traversal of mesh edges using adjacency primitives ACM SIGGRAPH Asia 2008 Papers, SIGGRAPH Asia ’08. doi:10.1145/1457515.1409097. ACM, NY, USA, pp 144:1–144:9
Spitzer V, Ackerman MJ, Scherzinger AL, Whitlock D (1996) The visible human male: a technical report. J Am Med Inform Assoc 3(2):118–130
Spitzer VM (2015) The visible human: A graphical interface for holistic modeling and simulation. The Digital Patient: Advancing Healthcare, Research, and Education p 51
Stanco F, Battiato S, Gallo G (2011) Digital imaging for cultural heritage preservation: Analysis, Restoration, and reconstruction of ancient artworks, 1st edn. CRC Press, Inc., FL, USA
Tchiboukdjian M, Danjean V, Raffin B (2010) Binary mesh partitioning for cache-efficient visualization. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 16(5):815–828. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2010.19
Varadhan G, Manocha D (2002) Out-of-core rendering of massive geometric environments Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002. IEEE, pp 69–76
Vo HT, Silva CT, Scheidegger LF, Pascucci V (2012) Simple and efficient mesh layout with space-filling curves. J Graph Tools 16(1):25–39. doi:10.1080/2151237X.2012.641828
Wang C, Xu C, Lisser A (2014) Bandwidth minimization problem MOSIM 2014, 10ème conférence francophone de modélisation, optimisation et simulation. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01166658 Colloque avec actes et comité de lecture. Internationale, Nancy, France
Wu J, Kobbelt L (2003) A stream algorithm for the decimation of massive meshes. In: Graphics interface, vol 3, pp 185–192
Yoon SE, Lindstrom P (2006) Mesh layouts for block-based caches. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph 12(5):1213–1220. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2006.162
Yoon SE, Lindstrom P, Pascucci V, Manocha D (2005) Cache-oblivious mesh layouts. ACM Trans Graph 24(3):886–893. doi:10.1145/1073204.1073278
Yotov K, Roeder T, Pingali K, Gunnels J, Gustavson F (2007) An experimental comparison of cache-oblivious and cache-conscious programs Proceedings of the 19th annual ACM symposium on parallel algorithms and architectures. ACM, pp 93–104
Zhang S, Jie B, Tan L (2013) The application of chinese visible human dataset. FASEB J 27(1 Supplement):lb8–lb8
Zhang SX, Heng PA, Liu ZJ (2006) Chinese visible human project. Clin Anat 19(3):204–215
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the 3D Scanning Repository and the Digital Michelangelo Project Archive of 3D Models for providing us all the test models. We also give our gratitude to Huy T. Vo et al. for sharing their codes in the public domain so we can have a comparison with their works.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, HK. Evaluation of triangular mesh layout techniques using large mesh simplification. Multimed Tools Appl 76, 25391–25419 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4607-z
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4607-z