Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reversible data hiding for VQ indices using hierarchical state codebook mapping

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we present an approach to efficiently hide sensitive data in vector quantization (VQ) indices and reversibly extract sensitive data from encrypted code stream. The approach uses two patterns to compress VQ indices. When an index is equal to its upper neighbor’s index or left neighbor’s index, it is encoded by the corresponding equivalent index; otherwise, it is encoded by a modified VQ codebook mapping named as hierarchical state codebook mapping (HSCM). In the proposed scheme, the hierarchical state codebook mapping (HSCM) is main coding pattern and it is generated according to the side-match distortion method(SMD). By the above two patterns, the size of original code stream is reduced, and more storage space can be used to embed sensitive data. The experimental results indicated that the proposed scheme can achieve a higher embedding capacity than the previous state-of-the-art VQ-index-based data hiding methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Celik MU, Sharma G, Tekalp AM, Sable E (2005) Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding. IEEE Trans Image Process 14(2):253–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Chang CC, Chen GM, Lin MH (2004) Information hiding based on search-order coding for VQindices. Pattern Recogn Lett 25(11):1253–1261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Chang CC, Kieu TD, Wu WC (2009) A lossless data embedding technique by joint neighboringcoding. Pattern Recogn 42(7):1597–1603

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  4. Chang CC, Kieu TD, Chou YC (2009) Reversible information hiding for VQ indices based onlocally adaptive coding. J Vis Commun Image Represent 20(1):57–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chang CC, Nguyen TS, Lin CC (2015) A reversible compression code hiding using SOC and SMVQ indices. Inf Sci 300:85–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Diffie W, Hellman ME (1977) Exhaustive cryptanalysis of the NBS data encryptionstandard. Computer 10(6):74–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gray R (1984) Vector quantization. IEEE ASSP Mag 1(2):4–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Kim T (1992) Side match and overlap match vector quantizers for images. IEEE Trans Image Process 1(4):170–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Lee JD, Chiou YH, Guo JM (2013) Lossless data hiding for VQ indices based on neighboringcorrelation. Inf Sci 221:419–438

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Lin YC, Wang CC (1999) Digital images watermarking by vector quantization. Proc Natl Comput Symp 3:76–87

    Google Scholar 

  11. Lin CC, Liu XL, Yuan SM (2015) Reversible data hiding for VQ-compressed images based on search-order coding and state-codebook mapping. Inf Sci 293:314–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Linde Y, Buzo A, Gray RM (1980) An algorithm for vectorquantizer design. IEEE Trans Commun 28(1):84–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Ni Z, Shi YQ, Ansari N, Su W (2006) Reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 16(3):354–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Pan ZB, Ma XX, Deng XM, Hu S (2013) Low bit-rate information hiding method based onsearch-order-coding technique. J Syst Softw 86(11):2863–2869

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Rivest R, Shamir A, Adleman L (1978) A method for obtaining digital signatures andpublic-key cryptosystems. Commun ACM 21(2):120–126

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  16. Tai WL, Yeh CM, Chang CC (2009) Reversible data hiding based on histogram modification ofpixel differences. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 19(6):906–910

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(8):890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Wang JX, Lu ZM (2009) A path optional lossless data hiding scheme based on VQ jointneighboring coding. Inf Sci 179(19):3332–3348

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang WJ, Huang CT, Liu CM, Su PC, Wang SJ (2013) Data embedding for vector quantization imageprocessing on the basis of adjoining state-codebook mapping. Inf Sci 246:69–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Wu HC, Lee CC, Tsai CS (2009) A high capacity reversible data hiding scheme with edgeprediction and difference expansion. J Syst Softw 82(12):1966–1973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yang CH, Lin YC (2009) Reversible data hiding of a VQ index table based on referred counts. J Vis Commun Image Represent 20(6):399–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Yang CH, Lin YC (2010) Fractal curves to improve the reversible data embedding for VQ-indicesbased on locally adaptive coding. JVis Commun Image Represent 21(4):334–342

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Yang CH, Wu SC, Huang SC, Lin YK (2011) Huffman-code strategies to improve MFCVQ-basedreversible data hiding for VQ indices. J Syst Softw 84(3):388–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work has been supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61272262 and No.61210006), International Cooperative Program of Shanxi Province (No.2015031003-2),Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China (2014-056) and Program for New Century Excellent Talent in Universities (NCET-12-1037), Scientific and Technological Innovation Team of Shanxi Province (No. 201705D131025), Collaborative Innovation Center of Internet+3D Printing in Shanxi Province.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Electronic Information and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China

    Binbin Xia, Anhong Wang & Li Liu

  2. Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

    Chin-Chen Chang

Authors
  1. Binbin Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anhong Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chin-Chen Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Li Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Anhong Wang or Chin-Chen Chang.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Xia, B., Wang, A., Chang, CC. et al. Reversible data hiding for VQ indices using hierarchical state codebook mapping. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 20519–20533 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5490-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-5490-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation