Abstract
In this paper, a new blind watermarking for copyright protection of color images based on the U matrix through Quaternion Singular Value Decomposition (QSVD) is proposed. The proposed method represents the color image with a quaternion matrix, so that it can deal with the multichannel information in a holistic way. Then the array of pure quaternion is divided into non-overlapping blocks and we perform QSVD on each block to get its U matrix. The watermark is inserted into the optimally selected coefficients of the quaternion elements in the first column of the U matrix. Besides, in the procedures of watermark insertion and extraction, ensuring higher fidelity and robustness to several possible image attacks have been considered. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms existing schemes in terms of robustness and invisibility.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Al-Otum HM, Samara NA (2010) A robust blind color image watermarking based on wavelet-tree bit host difference selection. Signal Process 90(8):2498–2512
Bao P, Ma X (2005) Image adaptive watermarking using wavelet domain singular value decomposition. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 15(1):96–102
Benhocine A, Laouamer L, Nana L, Pascu AC (2013) New images watermarking scheme based on singular value decomposition. J Inf Hiding Multimed Signal Process 4(1):9–18
Chandra DVS (2002) Digital image watermarking using singular value decomposition. Proceedings of the 45th midwest symposium on circuits and systems (MWSCAS 2002), vol 3, pp 264–267
Chou CH, Liu KC (2010) A perceptually tuned watermarking scheme for color images. IEEE Trans Image Process 19(11):2966–2982
Deng C, Gao X, Li X, Tao D (2009) A local Tchebichef moments-based geometric invariant image watermarking. Signal Process 89(8):1531–1539
Gao X, Deng C, Li X, Tao D (2010) Geometric distortion insensitive image watermarking in affine covariant regions. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern Part C 40(3):278–286
Hamilton WR (1866) Elements of quaternions. Longmans Green, London
Hartung F, Kutter M (1999) Multimedia watermarking techniques. Proc IEEE 87(7):1079–1107
Hsieh SL, Hsu LY, Tsai IJ (2005) A copyright protection scheme for color images using secret sharing and wavelet transform. In: Proceedings of world academy of science, engineering and technology, pp 17–23
Hsieh SL, Tsai IJ, Huang BY, Jian JJ (2008) Protecting copyrights of color images using a watermarking scheme based on secret sharing. J Multimed 3(4):42–49
Huynh-The T, Banos O, Lee S, Yoon Y, Le-Tien T (2016) Improving digital image watermarking by means of optimal channel selection. Expert Syst Appl 62:177–189
Hwang MS, Chang CC, Hwang KF (1999) A watermarking technique based on one-way hash functions. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 45(2):286–294
Kong F, Peng Y (2010) Color image watermarking algorithm based on HSI color space. 2nd international conference on industrial and information systems (IIS), vol 2, pp 464–467
Lin P, Lee J, Chang C (2011) Protecting the content integrity of digital imagery with fidelity preservation. ACM Trans Multimed Comput Commun Appl 7(3):1–15
Moosazadeh M, Ekbatanifard G (2017) An improved robust image watermarking method using DCT and YCoCg-R color space. Optik 140:975–988
Sebastiano B, Sabu E, Adrian U, Marcel W (2012) Multimedia in forensics, security, and intelligence. IEEE Multimedia 19(1):17–19
Shi H, Lv F (2010) A blind watermark algorithm for color image based on dual scrambling technique, In: Third international symposium on intelligent information technology and security informatics (IITSI), pp 781–785
Su Q, Niu Y, Wang G, Jia S, Yue J (2014) Color image blind watermarking scheme based on QR decomposition. Signal Process 94(1):219–235
Tsai HH, Sun DW (2007) Color image watermark extraction based on support vector machine. Inf Sci 177(2):550–569
Tsougenis E, Papakostas G, Koulouriotis D, Karakasis E (2014) Adaptive color image watermarking by the use of quaternion image moments. Expert Syst Appl 41:6408–6418
Wang XY, Wang CP, Yang HY, Niu PP (2013) A robust blind color image watermarking in quaternion fourier transform domain. J Syst Softw 86(2):255–277
Xie X, Livermore C (2016) A pivot-hinged, multilayer SU-8 micro motion amplifier assembled by a self-aligned approach. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems, pp 75–78
Xie X, Livermore C (2017) Passively self-aligned assembly of compact barrel hinges for high-performance, out-of-plane mems actuators. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on micro electro mechanical systems, pp 813–816
Xie X, Zaitsev Y, Velasquez-Garcia LF, Teller SJ, Livermore C (2014a) Scalable, MEMS- enabled, vibrational tactile actuators for high resolution tactile displays. J Micromech Microeng 24(12):125014
Xie X, Zaitsev Y, Velasquez-Garcia LF, Teller S, Livermore C (2014b) Compact, scalable, high-resolution, MEMS-enabled tactile displays. In: Proceedings of solid-state sensors, actuators, and microsystems workshop, pp 127–130
Acknowledgments
This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China under grant No.61633019, 61272020 and the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No. LZ15F030004 and Ningbo Science & Technology Plan Project under grant No.2014B82015 and the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City under Grants 2015A610134 and the General project of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Education under grant No Y201636899.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, F., Ma, LH., Liu, C. et al. Optimal blind watermarking for color images based on the U matrix of quaternion singular value decomposition. Multimed Tools Appl 77, 23483–23500 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5652-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-5652-y