Skip to main content
Log in

Deterministic extended visual cryptographic schemes for general access structures with OR-AND and XOR-AND operations

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In Visual Cryptographic Scheme (VCS) shares of the secret image look like random, whereas in Extended Visual Cryptographic Scheme (EVCS) the shares look like meaningful images. In the case of ideal contrast deterministic constructions for VCS, depending upon the access structure, each participant needs to hold one/multiple image shares with same size of the binary secret image and the secret image will be reconstructed without any change in resolution. In this paper, two deterministic constructions for EVCS with a relative contrast of 0.333 are proposed by utilizing the ideal contrast deterministic constructions for VCS as a building block. The proposed schemes are applicable to share secret binary images only. Theoretical analysis and comparison with other related works are given in this paper.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Abadi M, Burrows M, Kaufman C, Lampson B (1993) Authentication and delegation with smart-cards. Sci Comput Program 21(2):93–113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Abdullah MA, Dlay SS, Woo WL, Chambers JA (2016) A framework for iris biometrics protection: a marriage between watermarking and visual cryptography. IEEE Access 4:10180–10193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Adhikari A (2013) Linear algebraic techniques to construct monochrome visual cryptographic schemes for general access structure and its applications to color images. Des Codes Cryptography 73(3):865– 895

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Arumugam S, Lakshmanan R, Nagar AK (2014) On (k,n) ∗-visual cryptographic scheme. Des Codes Cryptography 71(1):153–162

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Ateniese G, Blundo C, De Santis A, Stinson DR (2001) Extended capabilities for visual cryptography. Theoretical Comput Sci 250(1):143–161

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  6. Ateniese G, Blundo C, Santis AD, Stinson DR (1996) Visual cryptography for general access structures. Inform Comput 129(2):86–106

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  7. Blundo C, Bonis AD, Santis AD (2001) Improved schemes for visual cryptography. Des Codes Cryptography 24(3):255–278

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  8. Chen TH, Lee YS (2009) Yet another friendly progressive visual secret sharing scheme. In: Proceedings of the IIHMSP 2009, pp 353–356

  9. Chiu PL, Lee KH (2015) User-friendly threshold visual cryptography with complementary cover images. Signal Process 108:476–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cimato S, Santis AD, Ferrara AL, Masucci B (2005) Ideal contrast visual cryptography schemes with Reversing. Inform Process Lett 93(4):199–206

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  11. Cimato S, Yang JC, Wu CC (2014) Visual cryptography based watermarking. Trans Data Hiding Multimed Secur 9:91–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Dang W, He M, Wang D, Li X (2015) K out of k extended visual cryptography scheme based on XOR. Int J Comput Commun Eng 4(6)

  13. De Bonis A, De Santis A (2004) Randomness in secret sharing and visual cryptography schemes. Theor Comput Sci 314(3):351–74

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  14. Dutta S, Rohit RS, Adhikari A (2015) Constructions and analysis of some efficient t − (k,n)- visual cryptographic schemes using linear algebraic techniques. Des Codes Cryptography:1–32

  15. EL-Latif AAA, Yan X, LI L, Wang N, Peng JL, Niu X (2013) A new meaningful secret sharing scheme based on random grids, error diffusion and chaotic encryption. Opt Laser Technol 54:389–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Fang WP (2008) Friendly progressive visual secret sharing. Pattern Recogn 41:1410–1414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Guo T, Liu F, Wu C, Ren Y, Wang W (2013) On the randomness of visual cryptography scheme. In: Ninth international IEEE conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, pp 391–394

  18. Guo T, Liu F, Wu CK (2014) k out of k extended visual cryptographic scheme by random grids. Signal Process 94:90–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Guo T, Liu F, Wu CK, Wang W (2014) On (k, n) visual cryptography scheme with t essential parties. LNCS 8317:56–68

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Kang I, Arce GR, Lee HK (2011) Color extended visual cryptography using error diffusion. IEEE Trans image Process 20(1):132–145

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  21. Kaur H, Khanna P (2016) Biometric template protection using cancelable biometrics and visual cryptographic techniques. Multimed Tool Appl 75(23):16333–16361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Lee KH, Chiu PL (2012) An extended visual cryptography algorithm for general access structures. IEEE Trans Inform Forensics Secur 7(1):219–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Liao X, Guo S, Yin J, Wang H, Li X, Sangaiah AK (2017) New cubic reference table based image steganography. Multimed Tool Appl

  24. Liao X, Qin Z, Ding L (2017) Data embedding in digital images using critical functions. Signal Process: Image Commun 58:146–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Liao X, Yin J, Guo S, Li X, Sangaiah AK (2017) Medical JPEG image steganography based on preserving inter-block dependencies. Comput Electric Eng

  26. Liu F, Guo T, Wu C, Yang CN (2014) Flexible visual cryptography scheme and its application. in transactions on data hiding and multimedia security IX 2014. Springer, Berlin, pp 110–130

    Google Scholar 

  27. Liu F, Wu C (2011) Embedded extended visual cryptography schemes. IEEE Trans Inform Forensics Secur 6(2):307–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Liu F, Wu C, Lin X (2010) Step construction of visual cryptographic schemes. IEEE Trans Inform Forensics Secur 5(1):25–34

    Google Scholar 

  29. Liu F, Wu C, Qian L (2012) Improving the visual quality of size invariant visual cryptography scheme. J Visual Commun Image Represent 23(2):331–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lu J, Yang Z, Li L, Yuan W, Li L, Chang CC (2017) Multiple schemes for mobile payment authentication using QR Code and visual cryptography. Mobile Inform Syst

  31. Lu S, Manchala D, Ostrovsky R (2011) Visual cryptography on graphs. J Combin Optim 21(1):47–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Nakajima M, Yamaguchi Y (2002) Extended visual cryptography for natural images. In: Proceedings of WSGC, p 2002

  33. Naor M, Pinkas B (1997) Visual authentication and identification. In: Annual International Cryptology Conference. Springer, Berlin, pp 322–336

  34. Naor M, Shamir A (1994) Visual cryptography. Proc Eurocrypt 1994:1–12

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  35. Ou D, Sun W (2016) Meaningful (2, infinity) secret image sharing scheme based on flipping operations. Multimed Tool Appl 75(6):3517–3536

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ou D, Sun W, Wu X (2015) Non-expansible XOR-based visual cryptography scheme with meaningful shares. Signal Process 108:604–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Praveen K, Sethumadhavan M (2015) Ideal contrast visual cryptography for general access structures with AND operation. Proc Third ICACNI 2015:309–314

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ross A, Otham A (2011) Visual cryptography for biometric privacy. IEEE Trans inform Forensics secur 6(1):70–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Shivani S (2017) Multi secret sharing with unexpanded meaningful shares. Multimed Tool Appl:1–24

  40. Shivani S, Agarwal S (2017) Novel basis matrix creation and processing algorithms for friendly progressive visual secret sharing with space-efficient shares. Multimed Tool Appl 76(6):8711–8744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Shyu SJ (2014) Threshold visual cryptographic scheme with meaningful shares. IEEE Signal Process Lett 21(2):1521–1525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Shyu SJ, Chen MC (2015) Minimizing pixel expansion in visual cryptographic scheme for general access structures. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst for Video Technol 25 (9):1557–1561

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tai GC, Chang LW (2004) Visual cryptography for digital watermarking in still images. Pacific-rim conference on multimedia. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ulutas M (2010) Meaningful share generation for increased number of secrets in visual secret-sharing scheme. Math Probl Eng:2010

  45. Wang DS, Song T, Dong L, Yang CN (2013) Optimal contrast grayscale visual cryptography schemes with reversing. IEEE Trans Inform Forensics Secur 8 (12):2059–2072

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wang DS, Yi F, Li XB (2009) On general constructions for extended visual cryptographic schemes. Pattern Recogn 42(11):3071–3082

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wang S, Yan X, Sang J, Niu X (2016) Meaningful visual secret sharing based on error diffusion and random grids. Multimed Tool Appl 75(6):3353–3373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang Z, Arce GR, Di Crescenzo G (2009) Halftonevisual cryptography with error diffusion. IEEE Trans Inform Forensics Secur 4(3):383–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Wang ZM, Arce GR (2006) Halftone visual cryptography through error diffusion. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International conference on Image Processing, pp 109–112

  50. Wang ZM, Arce GR, Di Crescenzo G (2006) Halftone visual cryptography via direct binary search. In: Proceedings of the EUSIPCO, p 2006

  51. Xiong L, Jian M, Wendong W, Yongping X, Junsong Z (2013) A novel smart card and dynamic ID based remote user authentication scheme for multi-server environments. Math Comput Model 58(1-2):85–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Xiong L, Jianwei N, Junguo L, Wei L (2015) Cryptanalysis of a dynamic identity-based remote user authentication scheme with verifiable password update. 28(2):374–382

  53. Yamaguchi Y (2014) Extended visual cryptography scheme for multiple-secrets continuous-tone images. Proc Trans Data Hiding Multimed Secur IX:25–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Yan B, Wang YF, Song LY, Yang HM (2016) Size-invariant extended visual cryptography with embedded watermark based on error diffusion. Multimed Tool Appl 75(18):11157–11180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Yan X, Wang S, Niu X, Yang CN (2015) Generalized random grids-based threshold visual cryptography with meaningful shares. Signal Process 109:317–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Yan X, Wang S, Niu X, Yang CN (2015) Halftone visual cryptography with minimum auxiliary black pixels and uniform image quality. Digital Signal Process 38:53–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Yang CN (2004) New visual secret sharing schemes using probabilistic method. Pattern Recogn Lett 25:481–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Yang CN, Chen TS (2005) Extended visual secret sharing schemes with high-quality shadow images using gray sub pixels. Proceedings of the ICIAR 2005:1184–1191

    Google Scholar 

  59. Yang CN, Chen TS (2007) Extended visual secret sharing schemes. Improving the shadow image quality. Int J Pattern Recogn Artif Intell 21(5):879–898

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Yang CN, Liao JK, Wu FH, Yamaguchi Y (2016) Developing visual cryptography for authentication on smart phones. International conference on industrial IoT technologies and applications. Springer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  61. Yang CN, Sun LZ, Yan X, Kim C (2016) Design a new visual cryptography for human-verifiable authentication in accessing a database. J Real-Time Image Process 12(2):483–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Yang CN, Yang YY (2014) New extended visual cryptography schemes with clearer shadow images. Inform Sci 271:246–263

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  63. Zhou Z, Arce GR, Di Crescenzo G (2006) Halftone visual cryptography. IEEE Trans Image Process 15(8):2441–2453

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Praveen Kanakkath.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kanakkath, P., Madathil, S. & Krishnan, R. Deterministic extended visual cryptographic schemes for general access structures with OR-AND and XOR-AND operations. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 1315–1344 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6158-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6158-3

Keywords

Navigation