Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

GP based smart reversible watermarking of depth image based rendering for stereoscopic images

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR) for 3D-TV, or free-view TV, is one of the most promising techniques in multimedia world, whereby a monoscopic image and the depth image of the same view are utilized to generate stereoscopic left and right images. Therefore, the protection of valuable content generated for 3D TV is an important concern in the world of digital media. In this paper, we exploit an interpolation errors expansion scheme by employing Genetic Programming based smart reversible watermarking technique that is viable for 3D-TV. The proposed technique exploits directional weights using hidden dependencies pertaining to the imperceptibility and capacity of the watermark in a previously established interpolation scheme. It then embeds the watermark in the 3D content using interpolation error expansion based reversible watermarking scheme. Previously presented empirical techniques are not much effective as they use hit and trial strategies for selecting optimal weights for watermark embedding. The proposed technique achieves significant watermark capacity as well as imperceptibility, and is reversible when compared to existing state of the art techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. (Online) Available: http://www.historytimelines.org.uk/eventstimelines/08,televisioninvention timeline.htm. Accessed 10 Dec 2018

  2. Abdeldaim AM, Sahlol AT, Elhoseny M, Hassanien AE (2018) Computer-aided acute lymphoblastic leukemia diagnosis system based on image analysis. In: Hassanien A, Oliva D (eds) Advances in soft computing and machine learning in image processing studies in computational intelligence. Springer, Cham, p 730. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63754-9

    Google Scholar 

  3. Alattar AM (2003) Reversible watermark using difference expansion of triplets. International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP) 1:501–504

    Google Scholar 

  4. Alattar AM (2004) Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform. IEEE Trans Image Process 13:1147–1156

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  5. Alattar AM (2004) Reversible watermark using difference expansion of quads. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP) 3:377–380

    Google Scholar 

  6. Baird JL BAIRD TELEVISION (Online) Available: http://www.bairdtelevision.com. Accessed 10 Dec 2018

  7. Barton JM (1997) Method and apparatus for embedding authentication information within digital data. ed: Google Patents

  8. Celik MU, Sharma G, Tekalp AM, Saber E (2005) Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding. IEEE Trans Image Process 14:253–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Chang CC, Lin CC, Tseng CS, Tai WL (2007) Reversible hiding in DCT-based compressed images. 141:123–138

  10. Chen X, Sun X, Sun H, Zhou Z, Zhang J (2013) Reversible watermarking method based on asymmetric-histogram shifting of prediction errors. J Syst Softw 86:2620–2626

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Christoph F (2003) A 3D-TV approach using Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR). Visualization, Imaging, and Image Processing (VIIP), Benalmadena, Spain 482-487

  12. Christoph F (2004) Depth-image-based rendering (dibr), compression, and transmission for a new approach on 3d-tv. SPIE Stereoscopic Displays Virtual Reality System XI 5291:93–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Coltuc D (2011) Improved embedding for prediction-based reversible watermarking. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Security 6:873–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Coltuc D (2012) Low distortion transform for reversible watermarking. IEEE Trans Image Process 21:412–417

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Coltuc D, Chassery JM (2007) Very fast watermarking by reversible contrast mapping. IEEE Signal Process Lett 14:255–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Hee DK, Ji WL, Tae WO, Heung KL (2012) Robust DT-CWT watermarking for DIBR 3D images. IEEE Trans on Broadcasting 58(4):533–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hong WCJ, Chen TS (2009) Blockwise reversible data hiding by contrast mapping. Inf Technol J 8:1287–1291

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Honsinger CW, Jones PW, Rabbani M, Stoffel JC (2001) Lossless recovery of an original image containing embedded data. ed: Google Patents

  19. Hyoung JK, Sachnev V, Qing SY, Jeho N, Hyon GC (2008) A novel difference expansion transform for reversible data embedding. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Security 3:456–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Jun T (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 13:890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Kamstra L, Heijmans HJAM (2005) Reversible data embedding into images using wavelet techniques and sorting. IEEE Trans Image Process 14:2082–2090

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Kim HD, Lee JW, Oh TW, Lee HK (2012) Robust DT-CWT watermarking for DIBR 3D images. IEEE Trans Broadcast 58(4):533–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Ko LT, Chen JE, Shieh YS, Hsin HC, Sung TY (2011) Nested quantization index modulation for reversible watermarking and its application to healthcare information management systems. Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, 2012

  24. Ko LT, Chen JE, Shieh YS, Scalia M, Sung TY (2012) A novel fractional-discrete-cosine-transform-based reversible watermarking for healthcare information management systems. Math Probl Eng

  25. Lin CC, Shiu PF (2010) DCT-based reversible data hiding scheme. J Softw 5(2):214–224

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Lin YH, Wu JL (2011) A digital blind watermarking for depth-image-based rendering 3D images. IEEE Trans Broadcast 57(2):602–611

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Luo L, Zhenyong C, Ming C, Xiao Z, Zhang X (2010) Reversible image watermarking using interpolation technique. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Security 5:187–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Luo TL, Gangyi J, Mei Y, Haiyong X, Feng S (2016) Inter-view local texture analysis based stereo image reversible data hiding. Digital Signal Processing 48:116–129

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Memon NA, Khan A, Gilani S, Muhammad A (2011) Reversible watermarking method based on adaptive thresholding and companding technique. Int J Comput Math 88:1573–1594

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  30. Ming C, Zhenyong C, Xiao Z, Zhang X (2009) Reversible image watermarking based on full context prediction. 16th IEEE International Cnference on Image Processing, p 4253–4256

  31. Mohamed E, Gustavo RG, Osama MAE, Shihab AS, Arunkumar N, Ahmed F (2018) Secure medical data transmission model for IoT-based healthcare systems. IEEE Access 6:20596–20608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mohamed E, Diego O, Valentín OE, Aboul EH, Gunasekaran M (2018) Parameter identification of two dimensional digital filters using electro-magnetism optimization. Multimed Tools Appl In Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6095-1

  33. Naheed T, Usman I, Khan TM, Dar AH, Shafique MF (2014) Intelligent reversible watermarking technique in medical images using GA and PSO. Optik 125:2515–2525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ni Z, Shi YQ, Ansari N, Su W (2006) Reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 16:354–362

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Redert A, de Beeck MO, Fehn C, Ijsselsteijn W, Pollefeys M, Van GL (2002) Advanced three-dimensional television system technologies (2002) Proceedings First International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission, p 313–319

  36. Saberian MJ, Akhaee M, Marvasti F (2008) An invertible quantization based watermarking approach. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, ICASSP, p 1677–1680

  37. Sara SA Genetic Programming Toolbox for MATLAB. http://gplab.sourceforge.net/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018

  38. Scharstein D, Szelisk R The Middlebury Computer Vision Page (Online). Available: http://vision.middlebury.edu/. Accessed 10 Dec 2018

  39. Seung WJ (2016) Lossless embedding of depth hints in JPEG compressed color images. Signal Process 122:39–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Seung HN, Seung MM, Heung KL, Wook HK, Jong UH, Sunghee C (2018) A SIFT features based blind watermarking for DIBR 3D images. Multimed Tools Appl 77:7811–7850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-017-4678-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Sriti T, Amit KS, Satya PG, Mohamed E (2018) Multi-layer security of medical data through watermarking and chaotic encryption for tele-health applications. Multimed Tools Appl First Online. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-018-6263-3

  42. Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13:890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Tseng HW, Hsieh V (2009) Prediction-based reversible data hiding. Inf Sci 179:2460–2469

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  44. Tzu CL, Ying HH (2008) The distortion control method of reversible contrast mapping hiding scheme. International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing, p 1133–1136

  45. Usman I, Khan A (2010) BCH coding and intelligent watermark embedding: employing both frequency and strength selection. Appl Soft Comput 10(1):332–343

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Vleeschouwer CD, Delaigle JF, Macq B (2001) Circular interpretation of histogram for reversible watermarking. IEEE Fourth Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, p 345–350

  47. Vleeschouwer CD, Delaigle JF, Macq B (2003) Circular interpretation of bijective transformations in lossless watermarking for media asset management. IEEE Trans on Multimedia 5:97–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Wen CY (2015) Ling HC (2015) reversible DCT-based data hiding in stereo images. Multimed Tools Appl 74(17):7181–7193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Xuan G, Yao Q, Yang C, Gao J, Chai P, Shi YQ (2006) Lossless data hiding using histogram shifting method based on integer wavelets. Digital Watermarking, Springer, p 323–332

  50. Yang B, Schmucker M, Funk W, Busch C, Sun S (2004) Integer DCT-based reversible watermarking for images using companding technique. Electronic Imaging 405-415

  51. Yiu MC, Hao TW (2007) A sequential quantization strategy for data embedding and integrity verification. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 17:1007–1016

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Tariq Bashir & Syed Saud Naqvi

  2. College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Imran Usman, Abdulaziz Albesher & Khalid A. Almejalli

Authors
  1. Tariq Bashir
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Imran Usman
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Abdulaziz Albesher
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Khalid A. Almejalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Syed Saud Naqvi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Imran Usman.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bashir, T., Usman, I., Albesher, A. et al. GP based smart reversible watermarking of depth image based rendering for stereoscopic images. Multimed Tools Appl 78, 21943–21962 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7399-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-019-7399-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation