Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

High capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on prediction error and block classification

  • Published:
Multimedia Tools and Applications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The contemporary adoption of cloud storage and social media networks has increased the need for privacy protection of image content. A key area of research utilizes reversible data hiding in encrypted images (RDHEI) to embed additional data into an encrypted image while protecting image content from disclosure. This paper proposes an RDHEI scheme based on prediction error and block classification (PB-RDHEI). Different from the conventional schemes, we combine a prediction error matrix and the bit planes block classification technique to create a new level for an encrypted image. For each block, some MSB bit planes can be used for additional data hiding to efficiently improve upon the available reserved room. Receivers can separately extract the complete additional data or recover the original image. The experimental results show that our proposed scheme significantly improves the embedding rate and can recover the original image losslessly.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Bas P, Furon T (2017) Image Database of BOWS-2. Accessed. [Online]. Available: http://bows2.ec-lille.fr/

  2. Bas P, Filler T, Pevný T (2011) Break our steganographic system—The ins and outs of organizing BOSS,” in Proc. 13th Int. Conf., pp. 59–70. Available: http://dde.binghamton.edu/download/

  3. Cao X, Du L, Wei X, Meng D, Guo X (2015) High capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images by patch-level sparse representation. IEEE Trans Cybern 46(5):1132–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Celik MU, Sharma G, Tekalp AM, Saber E (2005) Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding. IEEE Trans Image Process 14(2):253–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Chang C-C, Chou Y-C, Kieu T-D (2008) An information hiding scheme using Sudoku,” 2008 3rd international conference on innovative computing information and control., pp. 17

  6. Chang C-C, Li C-T, Chen K (2019) Privacy-preserving reversible information hiding based on arithmetic of quadratic residues. IEEE access 7:54117–54132

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Chen K, Chang C-C (2019) High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on extended run-length coding and block-based MSB plane rearrangement. J Vis Commun Image Represent 58:334–344

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Coatrieux G, Pan W, Cuppens-Boulahia N, Cuppens F, Roux C (2012) Reversible watermarking based on invariant image classification and dynamic histogram shifting. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(1):111–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Fridrich J, Goljan M, Du R (2002) Lossless data embedding—new paradigm in digital watermarking. EURASIP J Adv Signal Process 2002(2):986842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hong W, Chen T-S, Shiu C-W (2009) Reversible data hiding for high quality images using modification of prediction errors. J Syst Softw 82(11):1833–1842

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hong W, Chen T-S, Wu H-Y (2012) An improved reversible data hiding in encrypted images using side match. IEEE Signal Process Lett 19(4):199–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Hu X, Zhang W, Li X, Yu N (2015) Minimum rate prediction and optimized histograms modification for reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 10(3):653–664

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Huang F, Huang J, Shi Y-Q (2016) New framework for reversible data hiding in encrypted domain. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 11(12):2777–2789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Kim HJ, Sachnev V, Shi YQ, Nam J, Choo H-G (2008) A novel difference expansion transform for reversible data embedding. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 3(3):456–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Li X, Li B, Yang B, Zeng T (2013) General framework to histogram-shifting-based reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(6):2181–2191

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  16. Li X, Li J, Li B, Yang B (2013) High-fidelity reversible data hiding scheme based on pixel-value-ordering and prediction-error expansion. Signal Process 93(1):198–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Li X, Zhang W, Gui X, Yang B (2015) Efficient reversible data hiding based on multiple histograms modification. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 10(9):2016–2027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Lin C-C, Tai W-L, Chang C-C (2008) Multilevel reversible data hiding based on histogram modification of difference images. Pattern Recogn 41(12):3582–3591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Liu Z-L, Pun C-M (2018) Reversible data-hiding in encrypted images by redundant space transfer. Inf Sci 433:188–203

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Ma K, Zhang W, Zhao X, Yu N, Li F (2013) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images by reserving room before encryption. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 8(3):553–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Ni Z, Shi Y-Q, Ansari N, Su W (2003) Reversible data hiding,” in Proceedings of the 2003 International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 2003. ISCAS’03., vol. 2, pp. II–II

  22. Ou B, Li X, Zhao Y, Ni R, Shi Y-Q (2013) Pairwise prediction-error expansion for efficient reversible data hiding. IEEE Trans Image Process 22(12):5010–5021

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  23. Qian Z, Zhang X (2015) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images with distributed source encoding. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 26(4):636–646

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Qin C, Zhang X (2015) Effective reversible data hiding in encrypted image with privacy protection for image content. J Vis Commun Image Represent 31:154–164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Qin C, Zhang W, Cao F, Zhang X, Chang C-C (2018) Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted images via adaptive embedding strategy with block selection. Signal Process 153:109–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Qin C, Qian X, Hong W, Zhang X (2019) An efficient coding scheme for reversible data hiding in encrypted image with redundancy transfer. Inf. Sci

  27. Shiu P-F, Tai W-L, Jan J-K, Chang C-C, Lin C-C (2019) An interpolative AMBTC-based high-payload RDH scheme for encrypted images. Signal Process Image Commun 74:64–77

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Thodi DM, Rodríguez JJ (2007) Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking. IEEE Trans Image Process 16(3):721–730

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  29. Tian J (2003) Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 13(8):890–896

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tsai P, Hu Y-C, Yeh H-L (2009) Reversible image hiding scheme using predictive coding and histogram shifting. Signal Process 89(6):1129–1143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Tseng H-W, Hsieh C-P (2009) Prediction-based reversible data hiding. Inf Sci 179(14):2460–2469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Wu X, Sun W (2014) High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images by prediction error. Signal Process 104:387–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Yi S, Zhou Y (2017) Binary-block embedding for reversible data hiding in encrypted images. Signal Process 133:40–51

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Yi S, Zhou Y (2019) Separable and reversible data hiding in encrypted images using parametric binary tree labeling. IEEE Trans Multimed 21(1):51–64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Yin Z, Xiang Y, Zhang X (2019) Reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on mulit-MSB prediction and Huffman coding. IEEE Trans Multimed 22(4):874–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Zhang X (2011) Reversible data hiding in encrypted image. IEEE Signal Process Lett 18(4):255–258

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Zhang X (2011) Separable reversible data hiding in encrypted image. IEEE Trans Inf Forensics Secur 7(2):826–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Zhang W, Ma K, Yu N (2014) Reversibility improved data hiding in encrypted images. Signal Process 94:118–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Zhang X, Long J, Wang Z, Cheng H (2015) Lossless and reversible data hiding in encrypted images with public-key cryptography. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol 26(9):1622–1631

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, Feng Chia University, 100 Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung, 40724, Taiwan

    Xu Wang & Chin-Chen Chang

  2. Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, 41170, Taiwan

    Chia-Chen Lin

  3. Department of Computer Science and Information Management, Providence University, Providence University, Taichung, 433, Taiwan

    Chia-Chen Lin

Authors
  1. Xu Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Chin-Chen Chang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Chia-Chen Lin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chin-Chen Chang.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wang, X., Chang, CC. & Lin, CC. High capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on prediction error and block classification. Multimed Tools Appl 80, 29915–29937 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11143-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11143-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation