Abstract
In this paper, two recent global optimisation techniques: particle swarm optimisation and central force optimisation are considered for optimising the location of the diffusion spots, which are used as transmitters in an indoor optical wireless communications system. The diffusion spots are uniformly distributed along a circle on the ceiling of the communications environment. The location of the diffusion spots is optimised for maximising the signal-to-noise ratio and minimising the root-mean-square delay spread at the receivers in the presence of noise sources. A performance comparison between the central located position of the spots and the optimised positions for three different scenarios is considered to validate and show the strengths of the applied optimisation techniques in solving this sort of problems. The used techniques can provide the communication system with the ability to adapt to changes in the surrounding environment, which will benefit future switching towards real-time intelligent systems.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Gfeller, F.R., Bapst, U.H.: Wireless in-house data communication via diffuse infrared radiation. Proc. IEEE 67(11), 1474–1486 (1979)
Borah, D.K., Boucouvalas, A.C., Davis, C.C., Hranilovic, S., Yiannopoulos, K.: A review of communication-oriented optical wireless systems. EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw. 91, 1–28 (2012)
Kahn, J.M., Barry, J.R.: Wireless infrared communications. Proc. IEEE 85(2), 265–298 (1997)
Barry, J.R., Krause, J.M., Lee, E.A., Messerschmitt, D.G.: Simulation of multipath impulse response for indoor wireless optical channels. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 11, 367–379 (1993)
Higgins, M.D., Green, R.J., Leeson, M.S.: A genetic algorithm method for optical wireless channel control. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 27(6), 760–772 (2009)
Higgins, M.D., Green, R.J., Leeson, M.S., Hines, E.L.: Multi-user indoor optical wireless communication system channel control using a genetic algorithm. IET Commun. 5(7), 937–944 (2011)
Alsaadi, F.E., Alhartomi, M.A., Elmirghani, J.M.H.: Fast and efficient adaptation algorithms for multi-gigabit wireless infrared systems. IEEE J. Lightwave Technol. 31(23), 3735–3751 (2013)
Al-ghamdi, A.G., Elmirghani, J.M.H.: Line strip spot-diffusing transmitter configuration for optical wireless systems influenced by background noise and multipath dispersion. IEEE Trans. Commun. 52(1), 37–45 (2004)
Al-ghamdi, A.G., Elmirghani, J.M.H.: Analysis of diffuse optical wireless channels employing spot-diffusing techniques, diversity receivers, and combining schemes. IEEE Trans. Commun. 52(10), 1622–1631 (2004)
Dehao, Wu, Ghassemlooy, Z., Rajbhandari, S., Le Minh, H., Boucouvalas, A.C.: Improvement of transmission bandwidth for indoor optical wireless communication systems using an elliptical Lambertian beam. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25(2), 107–110 (2013)
Wong, D.W.K., Chen, G., Yao, J.: Optimization of spot pattern in indoor diffuse optical wireless local area networks. Opt. Express 13(8), 3000–3014 (2005)
Elbeltagi, E., Hegazy, T., Grierson, D.: Comparison among five evolutionary-based optimization algorithms. Adv. Eng. Inf. 19(1), 43–53 (2005)
Formato, R.A.: Parameter-free deterministic global search with simplified central force optimization. In: Huang, D.S., Zhao, Z., Bevilacqua, V., Figueroa, J.C. (eds.) Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications (ICIC2010), pp. 309–318. Springer, Berlin (2010)
Jivkova, S., Hristov, B.A., Kavehrad, M.: Power-efficient multisport diffuse multiple-input-multiple-output approach to broad-band optical wireless communications. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 53(3), 882–889 (2004)
Brien, D.C., Faulkner, G.E., Zyambo, E.B., Jim, K., Edwards, D.J., Stavrinou, P., Parry, G., Bellon, J., Sibley, M.J., Lalithambika, V.A., Joyner, V.M., Samsudin, R.J., Holburn, D.M., Mears, R.J.: Integrated transceivers for optical wireless communications. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 11(1), 173–183 (2005)
Kahn, J.M., Krause, W.J., Carruthers, J.B.: Experimental characterization of non-directed indoor infrared channels. IEEE Trans. Commun. 43(234), 1613–1623 (1995)
Kahn, J.M., Barry, J.R., Audeh, M.D., Carruthers, J.B., Krause, W.J., Marsh, G.W.: Non-directed infrared links for high-capacity wireless LANs. IEEE Pers. Commun. 1, 12–25 (1994)
Elmirghani, J.M.H., Chan, H.H., Cryan, R.A.: Sensitivity evaluation of optical wireless PPM systems utilizing PINBJT receivers. IEE Proc. Optoelectron. 143(6), 355–359 (1996)
Kennedy, J., Eberhart, R.C.: Particle swarm optimization. In: IEEE Proc. Conf. Neural Networks IV, pp. 1942–1948 (1995)
Formato, R.A.: Central force optimization: a new metaheuristic with applications in applied electromagnetics. Prog Electromagn Res 77, 425–491 (2007)
Mahmoud, K.R.: Central force optimization: Nelder-Mead hybrid algorithm for rectangular microstrip antenna design. Electromagnetics 31(8), 578–592 (2011)
Shi, Y., Eberhart, R.C.: A modified particle swarm optimizer. In: Proceedings 1998 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence, pp. 69–73. Anchorage, Alaska, USA (1998)
Ratnaweera, A., Halgamuge, S.K., Watson, H.C.: Self-organizing hierarchical particle swarm optimizer with time-varying acceleration coefficients. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 8(3), 240–255 (2004)
Formato, R.A.: Central force optimization: a new deterministic gradient-like optimization metaheuristic, OPSEARCH. J. Oper. Res. Soc. India (ORSI) 46(1), 25–51 (2009)
Hsun-Hung, C., Sterckx, K.L., Elmirghani, J.M.H., Cryan, R.A.: Performance of optical wireless OOK and PPM systems under the constraints of ambient noise and multipath dispersion. IEEE Commun. Mag. 36(2), 83–87 (1998)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eltokhey, M.W., Mahmoud, K.R. & Obayya, S.S.A. Optimised diffusion spots’ locations for simultaneous improvement in SNR and delay spread. Photon Netw Commun 31, 172–182 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0574-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0574-3