Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Compact electro-optical programmable logic device based on graphene–silicon switches

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Photonic Network Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A compact electro-optical programmable logic device (PLD) which can provide any of 16 possible minterms of four Boolean variables on an optical signal is demonstrated in this paper. The presented structure is based on electro-optical graphene–silicon switches that consist of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer in which a few-layer graphene is embedded in silicon slot waveguide to construct phase shifters. A large effective index variation can be achieved by embedding few-layer graphene inside the slot waveguide which enables us to have a compact footprint. Our analysis shows that the presented PLD has a small footprint of 1.86 × 1.28 mm2. Any combinational logic circuit can be implemented by programming the proposed PLD. Here, the presented structure is programmed to work under three different modes including logical operations, two-bit adder, and two-bit comparator with the advantage of very fast switching among operation modes. Comparison with previous works shows that our design has a compact footprint, high extinction ratio, and low insertion loss with broadband spectrum for wideband telecommunication.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2: a
Fig. 3: a
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Caulfield, H.J., Dolev, S.: Why future supercomputing requires optics. Nat. Photonics 4, 261–263 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Assefa, S., Xia, F., Vlasov, Y.A.: Reinventing germanium avalanche photodetector for nanophotonic on-chip optical interconnects. Nature 464, 80–84 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Tamir, D.E., Shaked, N.T., Wilson, P.J., Dolev, S.: High-speed and low-power electro-optical DSP coprocessor. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 26, A11–A20 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Kotb, A.: Ultrafast all-optical logic OR gate based on two-photon absorption with a semiconductor optical amplifier-assisted delayed interferometer. J Korean Phys Soc 68, 201–205 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Wang, J., Luo, M., Qiu, Y., Li, X., Gong, J., Xu, J., et al.: Dual-channel AND logic gate based on four-wave mixing in a multimode silicon waveguide. IEEE Photonics J. 9, 1–6 (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Tian, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, Q., Yang, L.: XOR/XNOR directed logic circuit based on coupled-resonator-induced transparency. Laser Photon Rev 7, 109–113 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Yang, L., Guo, C., Zhu, W., Zhang, L., Sun, C.: Demonstration of a directed optical comparator based on two cascaded microring resonators. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27, 809–812 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Hardy, J., Shamir, J.: Optics inspired logic architecture. Opt. Express 15, 150–165 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yang, L., Zhang, L., Guo, C., Ding, J.: XOR and XNOR operations at 12.5 Gb/s using cascaded carrier-depletion microring resonators. Opt. Express 22, 2996–3012 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Tian, Y., Zhang, L., Ding, J., Yang, L.: Demonstration of electro-optic half-adder using silicon photonic integrated circuits. Opt. Express 22, 6958–6965 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Tian, Y., Zhao, Y., Chen, W., Guo, A., Li, D., Zhao, G., et al.: Electro-optic directed XOR logic circuits based on parallel-cascaded micro-ring resonators. Opt. Express 23, 26342–26355 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Tian, Y., Zhao, G., Liu, Z., Guo, A., Xiao, H., Wu, X., et al.: Reconfigurable electro-optic logic circuits using microring resonator-based optical switch array. IEEE Photonics J. 8, 1–8 (2016)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kumar, S., Singh, G., Bisht, A., Amphawan, A.: Design of D flip-flop and T flip-flop using Mach–Zehnder interferometers for high-speed communication. Appl. Opt. 54, 6397–6405 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Liu, M., Yin, X., Ulin-Avila, E., Geng, B., Zentgraf, T., Ju, L., et al.: A graphene-based broadband optical modulator. Nature 474, 64–67 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hao, R., Du, W., Chen, H., Jin, X., Yang, L., Li, E.: Ultra-compact optical modulator by graphene induced electro-refraction effect. Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 061116 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Du, W., Hao, R., Li, E.-P.: The study of few-layer graphene based Mach − Zehnder modulator. Opt. Commun. 323, 49–53 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Phatak, A., Cheng, Z., Qin, C., Goda, K.: Design of electro-optic modulators based on graphene-on-silicon slot waveguides. Opt. Lett. 41, 2501–2504 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yang, L., Hu, T., Shen, A., Pei, C., Li, Y., Dai, T., et al.: Proposal for a 2*2 optical switch based on graphene–silicon-waveguide microring. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26, 235–238 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wang, X., Cheng, Z., Xu, K., Tsang, H.K., Xu, J.-B.: High-responsivity graphene/silicon-heterostructure waveguide photodetectors. Nat. Photonics 7, 888–891 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Farmani, A., Zarifkar, A., Sheikhi, M.H., Miri, M.: Design of a tunable graphene plasmonic-on-white graphene switch at infrared range. Superlattices Microstruct. 112, 404–414 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Janjan, B., Fathi, D., Miri, M., Ghaffari-Miab, M.: Ultra-wideband high-speed Mach–Zehnder switch based on hybrid plasmonic waveguides. Appl. Opt. 56, 1717–1723 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Gan, X., Shiue, R.-J., Gao, Y., Meric, I., Heinz, T.F., Shepard, K., et al.: Chip-integrated ultrafast graphene photodetector with high responsivity. Nat. Photonics 7, 883–887 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Pospischil, A., Humer, M., Furchi, M.M., Bachmann, D., Guider, R., Fromherz, T., et al.: CMOS-compatible graphene photodetector covering all optical communication bands. Nat. Photonics 7, 892–896 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Chen, W., Yang, L., Wang, P., Zhang, Y., Zhou, L., Yang, T., et al.: Electro-optical logic gates based on graphene–silicon waveguides. Opt. Commun. 372, 85–90 (2016)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Zivarian, H., Zarifkar, A., Miri, M.: Electro-optical full-adder/full-subtractor based on graphene–silicon switches. J. Nanophotonics 12, 1–12 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Guo, Z., Lu, L., Zhou, L., Shen, L., Chen, J.: 16 × 16 silicon optical switch based on dual-ring-assisted Mach–Zehnder interferometers. J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 225–232 (2018)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Qiao, L., Tang, W., Chu, T.: 32 × 32 silicon electro-optic switch with built-in monitors and balanced-status units. Sci Rep 7, 42306 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Suzuki, K., Tanizawa, K., Suda, S., Matsuura, H., Inoue, T., Ikeda, K., et al.: Broadband silicon photonics 8 × 8 switch based on double-Mach–Zehnder element switches. Opt. Express 25, 7538–7546 (2017)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Caulfield, H.J., Soref, R.A., Qian, L., Zavalin, A., Hardy, J.: Generalized optical logic elements—GOLEs. Opt. Commun. 271, 365–376 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Chattopadhyay, T., Roy, J.N.: Design of SOA-MZI based all-optical programmable logic device (PLD). Opt. Commun. 283, 2506–2517 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Lei, L., Dong, J., Zou, B., Wu, Z., Dong, W., Zhang, X.: Expanded all-optical programmable logic array based on multi-input/output canonical logic units. Opt. Express 22, 9959–9970 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Communications and Electronics, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Hossein Zivarian & Abbas Zarifkar

Authors
  1. Hossein Zivarian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Abbas Zarifkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Abbas Zarifkar.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zivarian, H., Zarifkar, A. Compact electro-optical programmable logic device based on graphene–silicon switches. Photon Netw Commun 38, 219–230 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00847-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11107-019-00847-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation