Skip to main content
Log in

Women, peace and security state-of-art: a bibliometric analysis in social sciences based on SCOPUS database

  • Published:
Scientometrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To the best of our knowledge, there is no work that has focused on analysing the development of the scientific production on women, peace and security. The main objective of this paper is to cover this research gap through a bibliometric analysis, that covers 95 years (1918–2013), of articles published in peer-reviewed journals extracted from the SCOPUS database. Bibliometric indicators and laws have been applied to better understand the patterns that govern the scientific literature on this realm. A gender perspective has also been implemented in the analysis. The analysis provides quantitative results based on 321 articles published by 478 authors in 210 scientific journals. The data showed the high dispersion of the literature, both in terms of authors and journals focused on the topic, and a low level of collaboration among both authors and institutions. Regarding the research topic, half of the papers were related to the impact of conflict on civilians and civil society. The implementation of a gender perspective shows that most of the first, second and third authors of the papers are women. In terms of methodologies, qualitative methodologies are the most relevant and women are more prolific applying these methodology. In terms of geographical region of the research, most of the studies have been performed by authors from institutions in Anglo-Saxon countries, and most of the fieldwork has been focused on the United States and the main areas of conflict in the world throughout history. Finally, important research opportunities are identified.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. Since one of the main milestones in the WPS research area is the United Nations Security Council (UNSCR) 1325 and its main focus is based on Social Sciences, we have concentrated on that area. We believe that the inclusion of medicine studies would not give a real idea of the state-of-art in WPS that we are considering in this paper, since the scope of both realms are quite different (although with some natural interception).

References

  • Abramo, G., D’Angelo, C. A., & Murgia, G. (2013). Gender differences in research collaboration. Journal of Informetrics, 7(4), 811–822.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aguilar-Moya, R., Melero-Fuentes, D., Aleixandre-Benavent, R., & Valderrama-Zurian, J.-C. (2013). Production and scientific collaboration in police training (1987–2011). Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 36(4), 768–786.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alsos, G. A., Hytti, U., & Ljunggren, E. (2013). Gender and innovation: State of the art and a research agenda. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(3), 236–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andras, P. (2011). Research: metrics, quality, and management implications. Research Evaluation, 20(2), 90–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avramescu, A. (1980). Theoretical foundation of Bradford law. International Forum on Information and Documentation, 5, 15–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baaz, M. E., & Stern, M. (2013). Sexual violence as a weapon of war? London: The Nordin Africa Institute, ZED Books. http://nai.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:617148/FULLTEXT01.pdf

  • Bajwa, R. S., & Yaldram, K. (2013). Bibliometric analysis of biotechnology research in Pakistan. Scientometrics, 95(2), 529–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrios, M., Borrego, A., Vilagines, A., Olle, C., & Somoza, M. (2008). A bibliometric study of psychological research on tourism. Scientometrics, 77(3), 453–467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrot, J. S. (2016). Research impact and productivity of Southeast Asian countries in language and linguistics. Scientometrics. doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2163-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, C. (2009). Democracy and gender equality. Studies in Comparative International Development, 44(3), 212–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard, E. M. (2003). Gender, international relations, and the development of feminist security theory. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(4), 1289–1312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bordons, M., Morillo, F., Fernandez, M., & Gomez, I. (2003). One step further in the production of bibliometric indicators at the micro level: Differences by gender and profesional category of scientists. Scientometrics, 57(2), 159–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, M. A., Urlacher, B., Florea Hudson, N., Niv-Solomon, A., Janik, L. L., Butler, M. J., et al. (2009). Gender and negotiation: Some experimental findings form an international negotiation simulation. International Studies Quarterly, 53, 23–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradford, S. C. (1934). Sources of information on specific subjects. Engineering, 137, 85–86. Reprinted in Collection Management, 1, 95–103.

  • Bradford, S. C. (1948). Documentation. London, UK: Crosby, Lockwood.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, D., & Horsfall, D. (2009). Increasing operational effectiveness in UN peacekeeping toward a gender-balanced force. Armed Forces & Society, 36(1), 120–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brysk, A., & Mehta, A. (2014). Do rights at home boost rights abroad? Sexual equality and humanitarian foreign policy. Journal of Peace Research, 51(1), 97–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, K. (2007). The gender of transitional justice: Law, sexual violence and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. International Journal of Transitional Justice, 1(3), 411–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassola, A., Raub, A., Foley, D., & Heymann, J. (2014). Where do women stand? new evidence on the presence and absence of gender equality in the World’s constitutions. Politics & Gender, 10(2), 200–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castillo, A., & Carreton, M. (2010). Research in communication. bibliometric study in journals of communication in Spain. Comunicacion y Sociedad, 23(2), 289–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavero, J. M., Vela, B., & Caceres, P. (2014). Computer science research: More production, less productivity. Scientometrics, 98(3), 2103–2111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, P., Alam, M., Warren, R., Bhatia, R., & Turkington, R. (2015). Women leading peace. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security. https://giwps.georgetown.edu/sites/giwps/files/Women%20Leading%20Peace.pdf

  • Cohn, C., Kinsella, H., & Gibbings, S. (2004). Women, peace and security resolution 1325. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 6(1), 130–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohn, C. & Ruddick, S. (2003). A feminist ethical perspective on weapons of mass destruction. Consortium on gender, security and human rights, Working paper 104. http://cgshr.resonetrics.com/sites/default/files/a_feminist_ethical_perspective_on_weapons_of_mass_destruction_0.pdf

  • de de Solla Price, D. J. (1963). Little science, big science. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehdarirad, T., Villarroya, A., & Barrios, M. (2015). Research on women in science and higher education: A bibliometric analysis. Scientometrics, 103(3), 795–812.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diem, A., & Wolter, S. (2013). The use of bibliometrics to measure research performance in education sciences. Research in Higher Education, 54(1), 86–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egghe, L. (1990). Applications of the theory of bradford’s law to the calculation of leimkuhler’s law and to the completion of bibliographies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41(7), 469–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eito-Brun, R., & Rodríguez, M. L. (2016). 50 years of space research in Europe: A bibliometric profile of the European Space Agency (ESA). Scientometrics, 109(1), 551–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elshtain, J. B. (1987). Women and war. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensslin, L., Dutra, A., Ensslin, S. R., Chaves, L. C., & Dezem, V. (2015). Research process for selecting a theoretical framework and bibliometric analysis of a theme: Illustration for the management of customer service in a bank. Modern Economy, 6(6), 782–796.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Figueroa, C., Palomo, J., & Gil-Ruiz, J. (2015). An Analysis of Annual National Reports to the NATO Committee on Gender Perspectives from 1999-2013: Policies, Recruitment, Retention and Operations. Brussels: NATO: http://www.nato.int/issues/nogp/meeting-records/2015/UNSCR1325-Reload_Report.pdf

  • Figueroa-Domecq, C., Pritchard, A., Segovia-Pérez, M., Morgan, N., & Villacé-Molinero, T. (2015). Tourism gender research: A critical accounting. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 87–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Firestone, J. M., Miller, J. M., & Harris, R. (2012). Implications for criminal justice from the 2002 and 2006 Department of defense gender relations and sexual harrasment surveys. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(3), 432–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frieyro de Lara, B., & Robles, M. (2012). La integracion de la perspectiva de genero en el analisis de los conflictos armados y la seguridad. Cuadernos de Estrategia, 157, 53–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, E. (1971). The mystery of the transposed journal lists—wherein bradford’s law of scattering is generalized according to Garfield’s law of concentration. Current Contents, 3(33), 5–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garfield, E., & Merton, R. K. (1979). Citation indexing: Its theory and application in science, technology, and humanities (Vol. 8). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giroux, H. A. (2005). The passion of the right: Religious fundamentalism and the crisis of democracy. Cultural Studies? Critical Methodologies, 5(3), 309–317.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero-Bote, V. P., & Moya-Anegón, F. (2012). A further step forward in measuring journals’ scientific prestige: The SJR2 indicator. Journal of Informetrics, 6(4), 674–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holden, G., Rosenberg, G., & Barker, K. (2005). Tracing thought through time and space: A selective review of bibliometrics in social work. Social Work in Health Care, 41(3–4), 1–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inda, N. (2016). La perspectiva de género en investigaciones sociales. En Verschuur, C. (2016). Des brèches dans la ville: Organisations urbaines, environnement et transformation des rapports de genre. Graduate Institute Publications, pp. 37–54.

  • Inglehart, R., Norris, P., & Welzel, C. (2002). Gender equality and democracy. Comparative Sociology, 1(3), 321–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karim, S., & Beardsley, K. (2016). Explaining sexual exploitation and abuse in peacekeeping missions the role of female peacekeepers and gender equality in contributing countries. Journal of Peace Research, 53(1), 100–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keathley-Herring, H., Van Aken, E., Gonzalez-Aleu, F., Deschamps, F., Letens, G., & Orlandini, P. C. (2016). Assessing the maturity of a research area: bibliometric review and proposed framework. Scientometrics, 109(2), 927–951.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirby, P. (2015). Ending sexual violence in conflict: The Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative and its critics. International Affairs, 91(3), 457–472.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, W., Aguilar, P., Finarelli, S., Gaunce, C., Hatchette, S., Heydon, R., McEwen, E., Mahsetky-Poolaw, W., Melson, C., Patterson, R., Stahl, M., Walker, M., Wall, J., & Wingfield, G. (2000). A bibliometric analysis of select information science print and electronic journals in the 1990s. Faculty Publications and Presentations. Paper 54. http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/lib_fac_pubs/54

  • Kuterovac Jagodi, G. (2000). Is war a good or a bad thing? The attitudes of Croatian, Israeli, and Palestinian children toward war. International Journal of Psychology, 35(6), 241–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leatherman, J. (2011). Sexual violence and armed conflict. Cambridge: Polity.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leimkuhler, F. F. (1980). An exact formulation of Bradford’s law. Journal of Documentation, 36(4), 285–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewison, G. (2001). The quantity and quality of female researchers: A bibliometric study of Iceland. Scientometrics, 52(1), 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotka, A. J. (1926). The frequency distribution of scientific productivity. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 16(12), 317–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mairesse, J., & Pezzoni, M. (2015). Does gender affect scientific productivity? Revue Économique, 66(1), 65–113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McWilliams, M. (2016). Women at the peace table: The gender dynamics of peace negotiations. Transitional Justice Institute Research Paper, No. 16-06. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2737935 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2737935

  • McWilliams, M., & Kilmurray, A. (2015). August). From the global to the local: Grounding UNSCR 1325 on women, peace and security in post conflict policy making. Women’s Studies International Forum, 51, 128–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Melander, E. (2005). Political gender equality and state human rights abuse. Journal of Peace Research, 42(2), 149–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moed, H. (2002). Measuring China’s research performance using the science citation index. Scientometrics, 53(3), 281–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moya-Anegon, F., Vargas-Quesada, B., Chinchilla-Rodriguez, Z., Corera-Alvarez, E., Munoz- Fernandez, F. J., & Herrero-Solana, V. (2007). Visualizing the marrow of science. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 58(14), 2167–2179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Natale, F., Fiore, G., & Hofherr, J. (2011). Mapping the research on aquaculture. A bibliometric analysis of aquaculture literature. Scientometrics, 90(3), 983–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, R., & Jackson, W. M. (1991). Productivity of management information systems researchers: Does Lotka’s law apply? Information Processing and Management, 27(2), 203–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ní Aoláin, F. (2016). The ‘war on terror’ and extremism: Assessing the relevance of the Women. Peace and Security agenda. International Affairs, 92(2), 275–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paffenholz, T., Ross, N., Dixon, S., Schluchter, A. L., & True, J. (2016). Making women count–not just counting women: Assessing Women’s Inclusion and Influence on Peace Negotiations. IPTI, UN WOMEN. http://www.inclusivepeace.org/sites/default/files/IPTI-UN-Women-Report-Making-Women-Count-60-Pages.pdf

  • Palomo, J., & Montalvo, S. (2011). An international platform for teaching support based on breaking news. ARBOR, Ciencia, Pensamiento y Cultura, 187, 249–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pao, M. L. (1985). Lotka’s law: a testing procedure. Information Processing and Management, 21(4), 305–320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, H. W., Yoon, J., & Leydesdorff, L. (2016). The normalization of co-authorship networks in the bibliometric evaluation: The government stimulation programs of China and Korea. arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.03593.

  • Paton-Walsh, M. (2001). Women’s organizations, US Foreign Policy, and the Far Eastern Crisis, 1937–1941. Pacific Historical Review, 70(4), 601–626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pershing, J. L. (2001). Gender disparities in enforcing the honor concept at the US Naval Academy. Armed Forces & Society, 27(3), 419–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Poiter, W. G. (1981). Lotka’s law revisited. Library Trends, 30(1), 21–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pratt, N. (2013). Reconceptualizing gender, reinscribing racial-sexual boundaries in international security: The case of un security council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security. Polity, 57, 772–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quiney, L. J. (1998). Assistant angels: Canadian voluntary aid detachment nurses in the great war. Canadian Bulletin of Medical History, 15(1), 189–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ram, S., & Paliwal, N. (2014). Assessment of Bradford law of scattering to psoriasis literature through bibliometric snapshot. DESIDOC Journal of Library and Information Technology, 34(1), 46–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, I. R. (1998). An analysis of bradford multipliers and a model to explain law of scattering. Scientometrics, 41(1–2), 93–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, A. (2012). Feminist knowledge and emerging governmentality in un peacekeeping: Patterns of co-optation and empowerment. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 14(3), 348–369.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Risman, B. (2004). Gender as a social structure: Theory wrestling with activism. Gender and Society, 18(4), 429–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiz-Cantero, M. T. (2007). El enfoque de género en la investigación y la difusión del conocimiento. http://www.redhygeia.com/doc12.pdf

  • Sahu, S. R., & Panda, K. C. (2012). A deductive approach to select or rank journals in multifaceted subject, oceanography. Scientometrics, 92(3), 609–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, A., & Braun, T. (1986). Relative indicators and relational charts for comparative assessment of publication output and citation impact. Scientometrics, 9(5–6), 281–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SCImago. (2007). SJR—SCImago Journal & Country Rank. Retrieved July 21, 2015, from http://www.scimagojr.com

  • Selva, C., Sahagun, M., & Pallares, S. (2011). Studies on careers and women’s access to management positions: A bibliometric analysis [estudios sobre trayectoria profesional y acceso de la mujer a cargos directivos: Un analisis bibliometrico]. Revista de Psicologia del Trabajo y de las Organizaciones, 27(3), 227–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu, R., Rajashekhar, P., Lavin, V. L., Parry, J., Attwood, J., Holdcroft, A., et al. (2009). The gender imbalance in academic medicine: A study of female authorship in the United Kingdom. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(8), 337–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sjoberg, L. (2010). Introduction. In L. Sjoberg (Ed.), Gender and international security: Feminist perspectives (pp. 1–15). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, N. J., & Lee, D. (2015). What’s queer about political science? The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 17(1), 49–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spanish Ministry of Science and Research. (2011). El género en la investigación. http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/stfls/MICINN/Investigacion/FICHEROS/El_genero_en_la_investigacion.pdf

  • Sylvester, C. (2002). Feminist international relations: An unfinished journey (Vol. 77). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S., Mader, K., Lewis, C., & Herskowitz, T. (2013). Mapping women, peace and security in the Security Council: 20122013. Report of the NGOWG monthly action points. Working Group on Women, Peace and Security, New York.

  • Team, R. D. C. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tickner, J. A. (1992). Gender in international relations: Feminist perspectives on achieving global security. NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tryggestad, T. L. (2009). Trick or treat? the UN and implementation of security council resolution 1325 on women, peace and security. Global Governance, 15(4), 539–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tryggestad, T. L. (2010). The UN peacebuilding commission and gender: A case of norm reinforcement. International Peacekeeping, 17(2), 159–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations. (1979). Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (CEDAW). Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13. https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IV-8&chapter=4&clang=_en

  • United Nations. (1995). Beijing declaration and platform for action. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/beijing/platform/

  • United Nations Security Council. (2008). Resolution 1820. Adopted by the Council at its 5916th meeting on June 19. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1820(2008).

  • United Nations Security Council. (2009a). Resolution 1888. Adopted by the council at its 6195th meeting on September 30. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1889(2009).

  • United Nations Security Council. (2009b). Resolution 1889. Adopted by the council at its 6196th meeting on October 5. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1889(2009).

  • United Nations Security Council. (2010). Resolution 1960. Adopted by the council at its 6453rd meeting on December 16. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/1960(2010).

  • United Nations Security Council. (2013a). Resolution 2106. Adopted by the council at its 6984th meeting on June 24. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2106(2013).

  • United Nations Security Council (2013b), Resolution 2122. Adopted by the council at its 7044th meeting on October 18. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2122(2013).

  • United Nations Security Council. (2015). Resolution 2242. Adopted by the council at its 7533rd meeting on October 13. http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/RES/2242(2015).

  • United Nations Women. (2015). a global study on the implementation of united nations security council resolution 1325. New York. http://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/files/un%20women/wps/highlights/unw-global-study-1325-2015.pdf?v=1&d=20160323T192435 (20th November 2016).

  • Vela, B., Caceres, P., & Cavero, J. M. (2012). Participation of women in software engineering publications. Scientometrics, 93(3), 661–679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villalobos, M. C. P., & Aviles, N. R. (2012). Igualdad y genero. conceptos basicos para su aplicacion en el ambito de la seguridad y defensa. Cuadernos de estrategia, 157, 21–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westendorf, J. K. (2013). ‘Add women and stir’: The regional assistance mission to Solomon Islands and Australia’s implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325. Australian Journal of International Affairs, 67(4), 456–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willett, S. (2010). Introduction: Security Council Resolution 1325: assessing the impact on women, peace and security. International Peacekeeping, 17(2), 142–158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Winslow, D. (2009). Gender mainstreaming: Lessons for diversity. Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 47(4), 539–558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfram, D. (2003). Applied informetrics for information retrieval research. Number 36. Greenwood Publishing Group.

  • Woodward, R. (2000). Warrior heroes and little green men: Soldiers, military training, and the construction of rural masculinities. Rural Sociology, 65(4), 640–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zainab, A. N. (2008). Growth and pattern of women’s studies in malaysia as reflected by generated literature. Libres, 18(2), 1–17.

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cristina Figueroa-Domecq.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Palomo, J., Figueroa-Domecq, C. & Laguna, P. Women, peace and security state-of-art: a bibliometric analysis in social sciences based on SCOPUS database. Scientometrics 113, 123–148 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2484-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-017-2484-x

Keywords

Navigation