Abstract
According to the recent advancements in communication technologies and the widespread use of smart devices, our environment can be transforming into the Internet of Things (IoT) because it can connect the physical, cyber, and biological world via smart sensors for different purposes. Wireless sensor networks are considered as one of the main infrastructures in the IoT systems. Therefore, decreasing the total energy consumption of sensor nodes and prolonging the network longevity are two important challenges that should be considered. To increase energy efficiency and to improve the network longevity, a two-level distributed clustering routing algorithm based on unequal clusters has been proposed for large-scale IoT systems. The main idea is to decrease the data transmission distances between member nodes and cluster heads to mitigate the hot spot problem by distributing two cluster heads in each cluster, which in turn leads to energy conservation and load balancing. The clustering method is two level due to the benefits it offers for the sensor nodes. First, each node can transfer its data to the nearest cluster head because a primary cluster head and a secondary cluster head have been considered for each cluster. Therefore, the nodes far from the primary cluster head can be organized based on their distances to the closest cluster head to reduce their data transmission distances to the cluster heads. Second, two cluster heads can be replaced with each other in different circumstances. This reduces the overhead of the cluster head selection algorithm in the proposed scheme. Third, the sensor nodes can benefit from the primary and secondary cluster heads to transfer the data to the sink through different paths with the minimum energy consumption. Simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of total energy consumption, total network energy, and network longevity compared to previous similar schemes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen Y-C, Wen C-Y (2013) Distributed clustering with directional antennas for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J 13(6):2166–2180
Babaie S, Zadeh AK, Amiri MG (2010) The new clustering algorithm with cluster members bounds for energy dissipation avoidance in wireless sensor network. In: 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications. IEEE
Zhao M, Yang Y, Wang C (2015) Mobile data gathering with load balanced clustering and dual data uploading in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 14(4):770–785
Yue Y, Li J, Fan H, Qin Q (2016) Optimization-based artificial bee colony algorithm for data collection in large-scale mobile wireless sensor networks. J Sens 2016:7057490. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7057490
Guo S, Wang C, Yang Y (2014) Joint mobile data gathering and energy provisioning in wireless rechargeable sensor networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 13(12):2836–2852
Velmani R, Kaarthick B (2015) An efficient cluster-tree based data collection scheme for large mobile wireless sensor networks. IEEE Sens J 15(4):2377–2390
Li J et al (2017) Approximate holistic aggregation in wireless sensor networks. ACM TOSN 13(2):11
Cheng S et al (2017) Extracting kernel dataset from big sensory data in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 29(4):813–827
Xu C et al (2015) An adaptive distributed re-clustering scheme for mobile wireless sensor networks. In: 2015 International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP). IEEE
Wang J et al (2017) Energy-efficient cluster-based dynamic routes adjustment approach for wireless sensor networks with mobile sinks. J Supercomput 73(7):3277–3290
Tashtarian F et al (2015) On maximizing the lifetime of wireless sensor networks in event-driven applications with mobile sinks. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 64(7):3177–3189
Han G et al (2016) A survey on mobile anchor node assisted localization in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 18(3):2220–2243
Xie L et al (2015) Multi-node wireless energy charging in sensor networks. IEEE/ACM Trans Netw 23(2):437–450
Wang S et al (2018) CRPD: a novel clustering routing protocol for dynamic wireless sensor networks. Pers Ubiquit Comput 22(3):545–559
Chang J-Y (2015) A distributed cluster computing energy-efficient routing scheme for internet of things systems. Wirel Pers Commun 82(2):757–776
Amini S, Karimi A, Esnaashari M (2019) Energy-efficient data dissemination algorithm based on virtual hexagonal cell-based infrastructure and multi-mobile sink for wireless sensor networks. J Supercomput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-03019-w
Karimi A, Amini S (2019) Reduction of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks based on predictable routes for multi-mobile sink. J Supercomput 1–24
Babaie S, Zadeh AK, Amiri MG (2010) The new clustering algorithm with cluster members bounds for energy dissipation avoidance in wireless sensor network. In: 2010 International Conference on Computer Design and Applications (ICCDA). IEEE
Jin Y et al (2011) A distributed energy-efficient re-clustering solution for wireless sensor networks. In: 2011 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 2011). IEEE
Younis O, Fahmy S (2004) HEED: a hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 3(4):366–379
Lindsey S, Raghavendra CS (2002) PEGASIS: power-efficient gathering in sensor information systems. In: IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings, 2002. Citeseer
Tarigh HD, Sabaei M (2011) A new clustering method to prolong the lifetime of WSN. In: 2011 3rd International Conference on Computer Research and Development (ICCRD). IEEE
Majumder K, Ray S, Sarkar SK (2010) A novel energy efficient chain based hierarchical routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: 2010 International Conference on Emerging Trends in robotics and Communication Technologies (INTERACT). IEEE
Handy M, Haase M, Timmermann D (2002) Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy with deterministic cluster-head selection. In: 4th International Workshop on Mobile and Wireless Communications Network, 2002. IEEE
Xiangning F, Yulin S (2007) Improvement on LEACH protocol of wireless sensor network. In: International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications, 2007. SensorComm 2007. IEEE
Qing L, Zhu Q, Wang M (2006) Design of a distributed energy-efficient clustering algorithm for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun 29(12):2230–2237
Bajaber F, Awan I (2009) Centralized dynamic clustering for wireless sensor network. In: International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops, 2009. WAINA’09. IEEE
Chang J-Y, Ju P-H (2012) An efficient cluster-based power saving scheme for wireless sensor networks. EURASIP J Wirel Commun Netw 2012(1):172
Yun YU et al (2010) Location-based spiral clustering for transmission scheduling in wireless sensor networks. In: 2010 The 12th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT). IEEE
Kumar D, Aseri TC, Patel R (2009) EEHC: energy efficient heterogeneous clustered scheme for wireless sensor networks. Comput Commun 32(4):662–667
Bajaber F, Awan I (2011) Adaptive decentralized re-clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. J Comput Syst Sci 77(2):282–292
Yang W et al (2007) An adaptive dynamic cluster-based protocol for target tracking in wireless sensor networks. In Advances in data and web management. Springer, pp 157–167
Wang F et al (2016) Dynamic clustering in wireless sensor network for target tracking based on the fisher information of modified Kalman filter. In: 2016 3rd International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI). IEEE
Yahya H, Al-Nidawi Y, Kemp AH (2015) A dynamic cluster head election protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks. In: 2015 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems (ISWCS). IEEE
Madheswaran M, Shanmugasundaram R (2016) Performance evaluation of balanced partitioning dynamic cluster head algorithm (bp-dca) for wireless sensor networks. Wirel Pers Commun 89(1):195–210
Sharma S, Jena SK (2015) Cluster based multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks. ACM SIGCOMM Comput Commun Rev 45(2):14–20
Wang J et al (2013) Mobility based energy efficient and multi-sink algorithms for consumer home networks. IEEE Trans Consum Electron 59(1):77–84
Baranidharan B, Santhi B (2016) DUCF: distributed load balancing unequal clustering in wireless sensor networks using Fuzzy approach. Appl Soft Comput 40:495–506
Neamatollahi P, Naghibzadeh M (2018) Distributed unequal clustering algorithm in large-scale wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic. J Supercomput 74(6):2329–2352
Chen G et al (2009) An unequal cluster-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. Wirel Netw 15(2):193–207
Singh H, Singh D (2018) Multi-level clustering protocol for load-balanced and scalable clustering in large-scale wireless sensor networks. J Supercomput 75(7):3712–3739. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2727-5
Elhabyan RS, Yagoub MC (2015) Two-tier particle swarm optimization protocol for clustering and routing in wireless sensor network. J Netw Comput Appl 52:116–128
Wan Z, Liu S, Ni W, Xu Z (2018) An energy-efficient multi-level adaptive clustering routing algorithm for underwater wireless sensor networks. Clust Comput. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10586-018-2376-8
Chuang P-J, Jiang Y-J (2014) Effective neural network-based node localisation scheme for wireless sensor networks. IET Wirel Sens Syst 4(2):97–103
Shi Q et al (2009) A 3D node localization scheme for wireless sensor networks. IEICE Electron Express 6(3):167–172
Heinzelman WB, Chandrakasan AP, Balakrishnan H (2002) An application-specific protocol architecture for wireless microsensor networks. IEEE Trans Wirel Commun 1(4):660–670
Amini S, Karimi A, Shehnepoor S (2019) Improving lifetime of wireless sensor network based on sinks mobility and clustering routing. Wirel Pers Commun. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06665-8
Manjeshwar A, Agrawal DP (2001) TEEN: a routing protocol for enhanced efficiency in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings 15th international parallel and distributed processing symposium. IPDPS 2001, San Francisco, CA, USA, pp 2009–2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPDPS.2001.925197
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Amini, S.M., Karimi, A. Two-level distributed clustering routing algorithm based on unequal clusters for large-scale Internet of Things networks. J Supercomput 76, 2158–2190 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-03067-2
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-019-03067-2