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A computer-aided diagnostic system for liver tumor detection using modified U-Net architecture

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Abstract

A multimedia-based medical decision-making system is an ultimate requirement in the medical imaging domain. In the healthcare sector, achieving quick and efficient results is one of the primary needs as well as a necessity for both doctors and patients. Liver cancer is increasingly spreading disease across the globe, and its timely diagnosis requires an accurate and precise tumor segmentation. However, it is very challenging to segment the tumors because of the variability in appearance, hazy borders, diverse densities, and sizes of tumors. Currently, deep learning-based approaches are being applied in a variety of domains which results in better performances. In this paper, a deep learning method based on modified U-Net referred to as Residual-Atrous U-Net (RA-Net) is proposed to segment the liver tumors. The suggested model is implemented by employing U-Net as a base model and extracts the tumor’s features utilizing a parallel structure-based Atrous convolution block embedded in the original U-Net. This addresses the heterogeneity of tumors in terms of sizes as well as retaining the wider context without introducing any parameters to the model due to the various scales dilated kernels. Moreover, a strong, smooth, and non-monoatomic Mish activation function is deployed in this parallel Atrous block to bring nonlinearity. Besides this, the features of tumors are also extracted from Res Block simultaneously which learns the residual between the input and output feature maps via a skip link that jumps directly from input to output. This identity mapping in this block overcomes network degradation and increases performance. Later on, all these extracted features are fused to be sent to the network and hence improve the feature learning of the original U-Net. Furthermore, we have used the strategy of segmenting the tumors directly from the CT-scan instead of the two-stage process used by the majority of existing methods. We have performed experimental analysis over the 3DIRCADb dataset and according to the results shown by the proposed RA-Net, the Jaccard score which is a performance indicator stands out at 72%.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Chung-Ang University Research Scholarship Grants in 2021 and also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (NRF-2019R1F1A1060668).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock Campus, Attock, Pakistan

    Anum Kalsoom, Muazzam Maqsood, Sadaf Yasmin & Maryam Bukhari

  2. Department of Security Convergence Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea

    Zian Shin

  3. Department of Industrial Security, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, South Korea

    Seungmin Rho

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  1. Anum Kalsoom
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  2. Muazzam Maqsood
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Correspondence to Seungmin Rho.

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This paper is an extended version of our paper published in the Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI), Las Vegas, USA, 27–30 July 2020.

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Kalsoom, A., Maqsood, M., Yasmin, S. et al. A computer-aided diagnostic system for liver tumor detection using modified U-Net architecture. J Supercomput 78, 9668–9690 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-021-04266-6

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