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SymCo: Symbiotic Coexistence of Single-hop and Multi-hop Transmissions in Next-generation Wireless Mesh Networks

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Abstract

The most-frequently used radio in wireless mesh networks, i.e., 802.11, has short transmission range. Consequently, it mostly imposes multi-hop transmission and thus limits the utilization of radio bandwidth. Emerging radio technologies under the umbrella of 4G, having long transmission range, are capable of enhancing the bandwidth utilization through single-hop transmission at the expense of limiting spatial reuse over the network. Both of these excellences, i.e., the efficient bandwidth utilization and the spatial reuse, are required in case of a concurrent presence of two types of flows—base station oriented and random flows. Therefore, it is necessary to efficiently use both types of radios, i.e., 802.11 and 4G, in next-generation wireless mesh networks, as they are going to experience a mix of the two types of flows. We propose an architecture to guarantee the efficient usage of both the radios through their symbiotic coexistence. Extensive evaluation through analytical modeling, ns-2 simulation, and real testbed experiments reveals that our proposed architecture achieves up to approximately \(6\times \) network throughput, 95 % decreased end-to-end delay, and 98 % decreased number of base stations compared to other radio alternatives.

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Notes

  1. We further discuss on BS-oriented and random flows in Sect. 3.

  2. In this paper, we always refer to radio bandwidth using the term “bandwidth”. Additionally, using the term “throughput”, we refer to throughput over a flow or aggregated throughput over the network based on the context of the discussion. Nonetheless, the term “capacity” refers to the capacity of queues used in the nodes in terms of the number of packets stored.

  3. We consider 802.16 or WiMAX as 4G in our study due to its wide acceptability all over the world in recent times. Examples of its wide acceptability include CLEAR WiMAX coverage [21] over \(41\) million people in US, Towerstream [22] WiMAX service in \(9\) US cities, Urban WiMax [23] coverage over central London, Inukshuk WiMAX connectivity [24] over \(170\) centers in Canada, etc. Moreover, in the last couple of years, the growth in deployment of 802.16 significantly exceeds that of its competitors—High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) [25] and Long Term Evolution (LTE) [26]. The data from TeleGeography [27], pertinent to deployment status of different 4G technologies, confirms the exceeding phenomena of WiMAX deployment [28].

  4. Here, “802.11” refers to “802.11 radio” rather than “802.11 standard”. We use “802.11” in a similar way in the rest of this paper. Similarly, we use “4G” and “802.16” to refer to “a radio under the umbrella of 4G” and “802.16 radio”, respectively, in rest of the paper.

  5. In the figures presented in this paper, 802.11s refers to 802.11 radios rather than the 802.11 amendment for mesh networking.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of ECE, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA

    A. B. M. Alim Al Islam & Vijay Raghunathan

  2. Department of CSE, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh

    A. B. M. Alim Al Islam

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Islam, A.B.M.A.A., Raghunathan, V. SymCo: Symbiotic Coexistence of Single-hop and Multi-hop Transmissions in Next-generation Wireless Mesh Networks. Wireless Netw 21, 2115–2136 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-015-0908-1

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