Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Enhanced mobility routing protocol for wireless sensor network

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recently, the routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) was standardized and is considered as the default standard for routing over the low power and lossy networks. However, it has not been optimized to work effectively, especially under mobility, and suffers from frequent disconnections that result in packet loss and increased energy consumption. In this paper, an enhanced mobility routing protocol for wireless sensor network (EM-RPL) that incorporates modules to support the mobility of nodes has been proposed. The main goal of the EM-RPL is to increase network reliability and efficiency by selecting a route that is more stable and reduces the frequency of route discovery process. The performance of the proposed EM-RPL has been evaluated in the Contiki-based Cooja simulator and compared with the performance of other protocols that support mobility in the RPL. The simulation results demonstrated that the EM-RPL improves the packet delivery ratio and minimizes power consumption by allowing the mobile nodes to select a more stable path.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Botta, A., de Donato, W., Persico, V., & Pescap, A. (2016). Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: A survey. Future Generation Computer Systems, 56, 684–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2015.09.021.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Urii, M. P, Tafa, Z., Dimi, G., & Milutinovi, V. (2012). A survey of military applications of wireless sensor networks. In 2012 Mediterranean conference on embedded computing (MECO) (pp. 196–199).

  3. Othman, M. F., & Shazali, K. (2012). Wireless sensor network applications: A study in environment monitoring system. Procedia Engineering, 41, 1204–1210. (international symposium on robotics and intelligent sensors 2012 (IRIS 2012)).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alemdar, H., & Ersoy, C. (2010). Wireless sensor networks for healthcare: A survey. Computer Networks, 54(15), 2688–2710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Montenegro, G., Kushalnagar, N., Hui, J., & Culler, D. (2007). Transmission of IPv6 packets over IEEE 802.15. 4 networks. Technical report.

  6. Kushalnagar, N., Montenegro, G., & Schumacher, C. (2007). IPv6 over low-power wireless personal area networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, assumptions, problem statement, and goals. Technical report.

  7. Winter, T. (2012). RPL: IPv6 routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks. Tech. Rep. IETF RFC 6550.

  8. Zhao, M., Chong, P. H. J., & Chan, H. C. (2017). An energy-efficient and cluster-parent based RPL with power-level refinement for low-power and lossy networks. Computer Communications, 104, 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Zikria, Y. B., Afzal, M. K., Ishmanov, F., Kim, S. W., & Yu, H. (2018). A survey on routing protocols supported by the Contiki internet of things operating system. Future Generation Computer Systems, 82, 200–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kamgueu, P. O., Nataf, E., & Ndie, T. D. (2018). Survey on RPL enhancements: A focus on topology, security and mobility. Computer Communications, 120, 10–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Carels, D., Poorter, E. D., Moerman, I., & Demeester, P. (2015). RPL mobility support for point-to-point traffic flows towards mobile nodes. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(6), 349–470.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Gaddour, O., Kouba, A., Rangarajan, R., Cheikhrouhou, O., Tovar, E., & Abid M. (2014). Co-RPL: RPL routing for mobile low power wireless sensor networks using corona mechanism. In Proceedings of the 9th IEEE international symposium on industrial embedded systems (SIES 2014) (pp. 200–209). https://doi.org/10.1109/SIES.2014.6871205.

  13. Gaddour, O., Kouba, A., & Abid, M. (2015). Quality-of-service aware routing for static and mobile IPv6-based low-power and lossy sensor networks using RPL. Ad Hoc Networks, 33, 233–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Levis, P., Patel, N., Culler, D., & Shenker, S. (2004). Trickle: A self-regulating algorithm for code propagation and maintenance in wireless sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 1st conference on symposium on networked systems design and implementation—Volume 1, USENIX Association, Berkeley, CA, USA, NSDI’04 (p. 2).

  15. Hong, K. S., & Choi, L. (2011). Dag-based multipath routing for mobile sensor networks. ICTC, 2011, 261–266.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Korbi, I. E., Brahim, M. B., Adjih, C., & Saidane, L. A. (2012). Mobility enhanced RPL for wireless sensor networks. In 2012 third international conference on the network of the future (NOF) (pp. 1–8).

  17. Tian, B., Hou, K. M., Shi, H., Liu, X., Diao, X., Li, J., Chen, Y., Chanet, J. P. (2013). Application of modified RPL under vanet-WSN communication architecture. In 2013 international conference on computational and information sciences (pp. 1467–1470).

  18. Cobârzan, C., Montavont, J., & Noel, T. (2015). Integrating mobility in RPL. In T. Abdelzaher, N. Pereira, & E. Tovar (Eds.), Wireless sensor networks (pp. 135–150). Cham: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  19. Ko, J., & Chang, M. (2015). Momoro: Providing mobility support for low-power wireless applications. IEEE Systems Journal, 9(2), 585–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Somaa, F., Korbi, I. E., Adjih, C., & Saidane, L. A. (2016). A modified RPL for wireless sensor networks with Bayesian inference mobility prediction. In 2016 international wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC)) (pp. 690–695).

  21. Barcelo, M., Correa, A., Vicario, J. L., Morell, A., & Vilajosana, X. (2016). Addressing mobility in RPL with position assisted metrics. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(7), 2151–2161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Bouaziz, M., Rachedi, A., & Belghith A. (2017). EKF-MRPL: Advanced mobility support routing protocol for internet of mobile things: Movement prediction approach. Future Generation Computer Systems. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.12.015.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lee, K. C., Sudhaakar, R., Dai, L., Addepalli, S., & Gerla, M. (2012). RPL under mobility. In 2012 IEEE consumer communications and networking conference (CCNC) (pp 300–304).

  24. Cobrzan, C., Montavont, J., & Nol, T. (2014). Analysis and performance evaluation of rpl under mobility. In 2014 IEEE symposium on computers and communications (ISCC) (pp. 1–6).

  25. Gara, F., Saad, L. B., Ayed, R. B., & Tourancheau, B. (2015). RPL protocol adapted for healthcare and medical applications. In 2015 International wireless communications and mobile computing conference (IWCMC) (pp. 690–695). IEEE.

  26. Fotouhi, H., Moreira, D., & Alves, M. (2015). MRPL: Boosting mobility in the internet of things. Ad Hoc Networks, 26, 17–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Fotouhi, H., Moreira, D., Alves, M., & Yomsi, P. M. (2017). MRPL+: A mobility management framework in RPL/6LoWPAN. Computer Communications, 104, 34–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bouaziz, M., Rachedi, A., & Belghith, A. (2017). EC-MRPL: An energy-efficient and mobility support routing protocol for internet of mobile things. In 2017 14th IEEE annual consumer communications networking conference (CCNC) (pp. 19–24).

  29. Ancillotti, E., Vallati, C., Bruno, R., & Mingozzi, E. (2017). A reinforcement learning-based link quality estimation strategy for RPL and its impact on topology management. Computer Communications, 112, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Tahir, Y., Yang, S., & McCann, J. (2018). BRPL: Backpressure RPL for high-throughput and mobile iots. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 17(1), 29–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kharrufa, H., Al-Kashoash, H., & Kemp, A. H. (2018). A game theoretic optimization of RPL for mobile internet of things applications. IEEE Sensors Journal, 18(6), 2520–2530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Sanshi, S., & Jaidhar, C. D. (2017). Enhanced mobility aware routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. Wireless Networks. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-017-1619-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kuntz, R., Montavont, J., & Noël, T. (2013). Improving the medium access in highly mobile wireless sensor networks. Telecommunication Systems, 52(4), 2437–2458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Park, J., Kim, K. H., & Kim, K. (2017). An algorithm for timely transmission of solicitation messages in RPL for energy-efficient node mobility. Sensors, 17(4), 899.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Draves, R., Padhye, J., & Zill, B. (2004). Routing in multi-radio, multi-hop wireless mesh networks. In Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on mobile computing and networking, ACM, New York, NY, USA, MobiCom’04 (pp. 114–128).

  36. Jevtić, M., Zogović, N., & Dimić, G. (2009). Evaluation of wireless sensor network simulators. In Proceedings of the 17th telecommunications forum (TELFOR 2009), Belgrade, Serbia (pp. 1303–1306).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shridhar Sanshi.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sanshi, S., Jaidhar, C.D. Enhanced mobility routing protocol for wireless sensor network. Wireless Netw 26, 333–347 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1816-y

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-018-1816-y

Keywords

Navigation