Abstract
Two main decoding algorithms are usually used for low-density parity-check convolutional (LDPC-C) codes, belief propagation algorithm and on-demand variable node activation algorithm. However like the decoding for block codes, the iterations of these algorithms cannot utilize the messages of newly joined variable nodes within the next iteration windows continuously, limiting the decoding performance. Thus a serial decoding algorithm with continuous backtracking for LDPC-C codes is proposed. Based on the iteration windows, the proposed algorithm performs advance iteration with two adjacent iteration windows and then backtracks to the preceding iteration window. During each iteration the latest updated and newly joined messages are utilized. The whole iteration uses the backtracking continuously until all the results output. Different LDPC-C codes are used to test the performance of proposed algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms other algorithms and requires less number of iterations, improving the decoding convergence rate.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Felstrom, A. J., & Zigangirov, K. S. (1999). Time-varying periodic convolutional codes with low-density parity-check matrix. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 45(6), 2181–2191.
Pusane, A. E., Felstrom, A. J., Sridharan, A., Lentmaier, M., Zigangirov, K. S., & Costello, D. J., Jr. (2008). Implementation aspects of LDPC convolutional codes. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 56(7), 1060–1069.
IEEE. (2010). IEEE standard for broadband over power line networks: Medium access control and physical layer specifications, IEEE Std. 1901.
Pusane, A. E., Zigangirov, K. S. & Costello, D. J. Jr. (2006). Construction of irregular LDPC convolutional codes with fast encoding. In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) (pp. 1160–1165).
Lentmaier, M., Prenda, M. M. & Fettweis, G. P. (2011). Efficient message passing scheduling for terminated LDPC convolutional codes. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) (pp. 1826–1830).
Iyengar, A. R., Papaleo, M., Siegel, P. H., Wolf, J. K., Vanelli-Coralli, A., & Corazza, G. E. (2012). Windowed decoding of protograph-based LDPC convolutional codes over erasure channels. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 58(4), 2303–2320.
Koike-Akino, T., Draper, S. C., Wang, Y., Sugihara, K., Matsumoto, W., Millar, D. S., Parsons, K., Arlunno, V., & Kojima, K. (2016). Optimal layered scheduling for hardware-efficient windowed decoding of LDPC convolutional codes. In Proceedings of 42nd European Conference on Optical Communication (ECOC 2016) (pp. 1–3).
Lin, C.-L., Liu, R.-J., Chen, C.-L., Chang, H.-C., & Lee, C.-Y. (2016). A 7.72 Gb/s LDPC-CC decoder with overlapped architecture for pre-5G wireless communications. In Proceedings of IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC) (pp. 337–340).
Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., Wu, D., Zhou, C., & Zeng, X. (2014). An efficient multirate LDPC-CC decoder with a layered decoding algorithm for the IEEE 1901 standard. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 61(12), 992–996.
Pisek, E., Rajan, D., Abu-Surra, S., & Cleveland, J. R. (2017). Capacity-approaching TQC-LDPC convolutional codes enabling power-efficient decoders. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 65(1), 1–13.
Wang, H., & Kim, S. (2017). Soft convolutional codes decoding algorithm for concatenated codes in visible light communication. Wireless Personal Communications, 97, 6357–6367.
Payommai, T., & Chamnongthai, K. (2017). Non-binary tail-biting LDPC convolutional code encoding for image transmission. Wireless Personal Communications, 97, 4343–4364.
Li, E., Dong, L., & Lei, J. (2018). High rate APPS and Bi-APPS LDPC codes design with low error floor and large girth. Wireless Personal Communications, 100, 709–720.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported in part by the application of China national terrestrial digital TV system research (The 2nd generation) project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, M., Xu, B. Serial Decoding Algorithm with Continuous Backtracking for LDPC Convolutional Codes. Wireless Pers Commun 107, 1823–1833 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06359-1
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06359-1