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The Cooperative-Communication Based Underwater Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network

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Abstract

Underwater wireless sensor network (UWSN) is one of the effective methods to acquire ocean observation data, and research on underwater routing technology has become a hot spot. However, the lifetime of UWSN is an important factor affecting the overall performance of routing protocols. Due to the uncertain underwater environment and poor link quality, it will affect data integrity and network survival ability. Cooperative communication is an excellent technique for solving such problems. In this communication, the source node forwards data through a cooperative path to improve network throughput, while the destination node receives data packets that do not contain obvious errors. Therefore, this paper provides a cooperative communication method to solve the packet loss problem and lifetime of UWSN. The underwater-layered routing network structure is adopted to divide the network nodes into clusters for energy balance. Compared with the traditional layered protocol, the cooperative communication can better guarantee the link quality of the underwater channel. The k-means algorithm is also used to cluster nodes, and conditional probability can select cluster heads. During data transmission, relay nodes will amplify the signal and backup the data packets to avoid dropping packets. The proposed protocol is simulated and compared with non-cooperative protocols (LDBR and MLCEE), the results show that the proposed protocol outperformed the other protocols in terms of network lifetime, throughput, energy consumption and end-to-end delay.

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Data Availability

The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.

Code Availability

The processed code required to reproduce these findings cannot be shared at this time as the code also forms part of an ongoing study.

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Funding

This work was supported by Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation under Grant ZR2020MF001, National Nature Science Foundation under Grant 61902205.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information and Control Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China

    Yifan Hu

  2. Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China

    Lu Chen & Yujiao Sun

Authors
  1. Yifan Hu
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  2. Lu Chen
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  3. Yujiao Sun
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Contributions

Yifan Hu designed the model and wrote the paper. Lu Chen performed the experiments and wrote part of paper. Yujiao Sun reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Yifan Hu.

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Hu, Y., Chen, L. & Sun, Y. The Cooperative-Communication Based Underwater Layered Routing Protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Pers Commun 125, 3019–3047 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09696-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09696-w

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