Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

CSWL: Cross-SSD Wear-Leveling Method in SSD-Based RAID Systems for System Endurance and Performance

  • Regular Paper
  • Published:
Journal of Computer Science and Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Flash memory has limited erasure/program cycles. Hence, to meet their advertised capacity all the time, flash-based solid state drives (SSDs) must prolong their life span through a wear-leveling mechanism. As a very important part of flash translation layer (FTL), wear leveling is usually implemented in SSD controllers, which is called internal wear leveling. However, there is no wear leveling among SSDs in SSD-based redundant array of independent disks (RAIDs) systems, making some SSDs wear out faster than others. Once an SSD fails, reconstruction must be triggered immediately, but the cost of this process is so high that both system reliability and availability are affected seriously. We therefore propose cross-SSD wear leveling (CSWL) to enhance the endurance of entire SSD-based RAID systems. Under the workload of random access pattern, parity stripes suffer from much more updates because updating to a data stripe will cause the modification of other all related parity stripes. Based on this principle, we introduce an age-driven parity distribution scheme to guarantee wear leveling among flash SSDs and thereby prolong the endurance of RAID systems. Furthermore, age-driven parity distribution benefits performance by maintaining better load balance. With insignificant overhead, CSWL can significantly improve both the life span and performance of SSD-based RAID.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Chen F, Luo T, Zhang X D. CAFTL: A content-aware flash translation layer enhancing the lifespan of flash memory based solid state drives. In Proc. the 9th FAST, Feb. 2011, pp.77-90.

  2. Patterson D, Gibson G, Katz R H. A case for redundant arrays of inexpensive disks (RAID). In Proc. the 1988 SIGMOD, June 1988, pp.109-116.

  3. Zhen W M, Zhang G Y. FastScale: Accelerate RAID scaling by minimizing data migration. In Proc. the 9th FAST, February 2011, pp.149-161.

  4. Balakrishnan M, Kadav A, Prabhakaran V, Malkhi D. Differential RAID: Rethinking RAID for SSD reliability. In Proc. Eurosys, April 2010, pp.15-26.

  5. Grupp L M, Caulfield A M, Coburn J, Swason S, Yaakobi E, Seigel P H, Wolf J K. Characterizing flash memory: Anomalies, observations, and applications. In Proc. the 42nd MICRO, December 2009, pp.24-33.

  6. Thomasian A, Blaum M. Higher reliablity redundant disk arrays: Organizations, operation, and coding. ACM Transaction on Storage, 2009, 5(3): Article No.7.

  7. Du Y M, Xiao N, Liu F, Chen Z G. A customizable and modular flash translation layer (FTL) design and implementation. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2010, 44(8): 42-47. (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gal E, Toledo S. Algorithms and data structures for flash memories. ACM Computing Surveys, 2005, 37(2): 138-163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Park K, Lee D H, Woo Y et al. Reliability and performance enhancement technique for SSD array storage system using RAID mechanism. In Proc. the 9th ISCIT, Sept. 2009, pp.140-145.

  10. Lee D D, Seung S H. Algorithms for non-negative matrix factorization. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2001, 13: 556-562.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Geist R, Trivedi K. An analytic treatment of the reliability and performance of mirrored disk subsystems. In Proc. the 23rd Inter. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, June 1993, pp.442-450.

  12. Thomasian A. Shortcut method for reliability comparisons in RAID. Journal of Systems and Software, 2006, 79(11): 1599-1605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Mao B, Jiang H, Feng D,Wu S Z, Chen J X, Zeng L F, Tian L. HPDA: A hybrid parity-based disk array for enhanced performance and reliability. In Proc. IPDPS, April 2010, pp.1-12.

  14. Lee Y, Jung S, Song Y H. FRA: A flash-aware redundancy array of flash storage. In Proc. the 7th CODES + ISSS, October 2009, pp.163-172.

  15. Chang Y B, Chang L P. A self-balancing striping scheme for NAND-flash storage systems. In Proc. the 2008 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, March 2008, pp.1715-1719.

  16. Im S, Shin D K. Flash-aware RAID techniques for dependable and high-performance flash memory SSD. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 2011, 60(1): 80-92.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  17. Xiao N, Chen Z G, Liu F, Lai M C, An L F. P3Stor: A parallel, durable flash-based SSD for enterprise-scale storage systems. Science China Information Sciences, 2011, 54(6): 1129-1141.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China

    Yi-Mo Du, Nong Xiao (Member, IEEE), Fang Liu (Member, CCF) & Zhi-Guang Chen

Authors
  1. Yi-Mo Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Nong Xiao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Fang Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Zhi-Guang Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Additional information

Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development 863 Program of China under Grant No. 2013AA013201, the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 61025009, 61232003, 61120106005, 61170288.

The preliminary version of the paper was published in the Proceedings of NPC 2011.

Electronic supplementary material

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

(DOC 29 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Du, YM., Xiao, N., Liu, F. et al. CSWL: Cross-SSD Wear-Leveling Method in SSD-Based RAID Systems for System Endurance and Performance. J. Comput. Sci. Technol. 28, 28–41 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11390-013-1310-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11390-013-1310-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation