Abstract
As one of the famous block-based image coding schemes, block truncation coding (BTC) has been also applied in digital watermarking. Previous BTC-based watermarking or hiding schemes usually embed secret data by modifying the BTC encoding stage or BTC-compressed data, obtaining the watermarked image with poorer quality than the BTC-compressed version. This paper presents a new oblivious image watermarking scheme by exploiting BTC bitmaps. Unlike the traditional schemes, our approach does not really perform the BTC compression on images during the embedding process but utilizes the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in each BTC bitmap to guide the watermark embedding and extraction processes. The embedding process starts by partitioning the original cover image into non-overlapping 4×4 blocks and performing BTC on each block to obtain its BTC bitmap. One watermark bit is embedded in each block by modifying at most three pixel values in the block to make sure that the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in the bitmap of the modified block is equal to the embedded watermark bit. In the extraction stage, the suspicious image is first partitioned into non-overlapping 4×4 blocks and BTC is performed on each block to obtain its bitmap. Then, by checking the parity of the number of horizontal edge transitions in the bitmap, we can extract one watermark bit in each block. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme is fragile to various image processing operations while keeping the transparency very well.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Niu X M, Lu Z M, Sun S H. Digital watermarking of still images with gray-level digital watermarks. IEEE Trans Consum Electron, 2000, 46: 137–145
Niu X M, Lu Z M, Sun S H. Digital image watermarking based on multi-resolution decomposition. Electron Lett, 2000, 36: 1108–1110
Luo H, Yu F X, Huang Z L, et al. Blind image watermarking based on discrete fractional random transform and subsampling. Optik — Int J Light Electron Opt, 2011, 122: 311–316
Wang H X, Lu Z M, Li Y N, et al. A compressed domain multipurpose video watermarking algorithm using vector quantization. Int J Innov Comput Inform Contr, 2009, 5: 1441–1450
Wang Y G, Lu Z M, Liang F, et al. Robust dual watermarking algorithm for AVS video. Signal Process Image Commun, 2009, 24: 333–344
Wang H X, Lu Z M, Pan J S, et al. Robust blind video watermarking with adaptive embedding mechanism. Int J Innov Comput Inform Contr, 2005, 1: 247–259
Wu C H, Zheng Y, Ip W H, et al. A flexible H.264/AVC compressed video watermarking scheme using particle swarm optimization based dither modulation. AEU — Int J Electron Commun, 2011, 65: 27–36
Lu Z M, Yan B, Sun S H. Watermarking combined with CELP speech coding for authentication. IEICE Trans Inform Syst, 2005, E88-D: 330–334
Yan B, Lu Z M, Sun S H. Security of autoregressive speech watermarking model under guessing attack. IEEE Trans Inform Forens Secur, 2006, 1: 386–390
Lu Z M, Pan J S, Sun S H. VQ-based digital image watermarking method. Electron Lett, 2000, 36: 1201–1202
Lu Z M, Sun S H. Digital image watermarking technique based on vector quantization. Electron Lett, 2000, 36: 303–305
Lu Z M, Liu C H, Sun S H. Digital image watermarking technique based on block truncation coding with vector quantization. Chin J Electron, 2002, 11: 152–157
Dong P, Brankov J G, Galatsanos N P, et al. Digital watermarking robust to geometric distortions. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2005, 14: 2140–2150
Zhao Y, Ni R, Zhu Z. RST transforms resistant image watermarking based on centroid and sector-shaped partition. Sci China Inf Sci, 2012, 55: 650–662
Kalantari N K, Ahadi S M. A logarithmic quantization index modulation for perceptually better data hiding. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2010, 19: 1504–1517
Lu Z M, Liu C H, Xu D G, et al. Semi-fragile image watermarking method based on index constrained vector quantization. Electron Lett, 2003, 39: 35–36
Yang C N, Lu Z M. Blind fragile image watermarking based on vector quantization and block truncation coding. ICIC Expr Lett Part B Appl, 2011, 2: 905–910
Lu Z M, Xu D G, Sun S H. Multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on multistage vector quantization. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2005, 14: 822–831
Lu Z M, Liu C H, Wang H. Image retrieval and content integrity verification based on multipurpose image watermarking scheme. Int J Innov Comput Inform Contr, 2007, 3: 621–630
Luo H, Pan J S, Lu Z M. Content adaptive visible watermarking during ordered dithering. IEICE Trans Inform Syst, 2007, E90-D: 1113–1116
Delp E J, Mitchell O R. Image compression using block truncation coding. IEEE Trans Commun, 1979, 27: 1335–1342
Lema M D, Mitchell O R. Absolute moment block truncation coding and its application to color images. IEEE Trans Commun, 1984, 32: 1148–1157
Lu Z M, Liu C H, Sun S H. Digital image watermarking technique based on block truncation coding with vector quantization. Chin J Electron, 2002, 11: 152–157
Lin M H, Chang C C. A novel information hiding scheme based on BTC. In: Proc 4th Int Conf Computer and Information Technology, Wuhan, 2004
Chuang J C, Chang C C. Using a simple and fast image compression algorithm to hide secret information. Int J Comput Appl, 2006, 28: 329–333
Hong W, Chen T S, Shiu C W. Lossless steganography for AMBTC compressed images. In: Proc 1st Int Congress on Image and Signal Processing, Sanya, 2008
Chen J, Hong W, Chen T S, et al. Steganography for BTC compressed images using no distortion technique. Imag Sci J, 2010, 58: 177–185
Li C H, Lu Z M, Su Y X. Reversible data hiding for BTC-compressed images based on bitmap flipping and histogram shifting of mean tables. Inform Technol J, 2011, 10: 1421–1426
Wang Y, Huang J W. Robust AVS audio watermarking. Sci China Inf Sci, 2010, 53: 607–618
Wang H X, Fan M Q. Centroid-based semi-fragile audio watermarking in hybrid domain. Sci China Inf Sci, 2010, 53: 619–633
Luo X Y, Liu F L, Yang C F, et al. Image universal steganalysis based on best wavelet packet decomposition. Sci China Inf Sci, 2010, 53: 634–647
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, Y., Lu, Z. & Zhao, D. An oblivious fragile watermarking scheme for images utilizing edge transitions in BTC bitmaps. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 55, 2570–2581 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-012-4677-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-012-4677-5