Abstract
Purpose
To assess a virtual pointer in supporting surgical trainees’ development of professional vision in laparoscopic surgery.
Methods
We developed a virtual pointing and telestration system utilizing the Microsoft Kinect movement sensor as an overlay for any imagine system. Training with the application was compared to a standard condition, i.e., verbal instruction with un-mediated gestures, in a laparoscopic training environment. Seven trainees performed four simulated laparoscopic tasks guided by an experienced surgeon as the trainer. Trainee performance was subjectively assessed by the trainee and trainer, and objectively measured by number of errors, time to task completion, and economy of movement.
Results
No significant differences in errors and time to task completion were obtained between virtual pointer and standard conditions. Economy of movement in the non-dominant hand was significantly improved when using virtual pointer (\(p = 0.012\)). The trainers perceived a significant improvement in trainee performance in virtual pointer condition (\(p < 0.001\)), while the trainees perceived no difference. The trainers’ perception of economy of movement was similar between the two conditions in the initial three runs and became significantly improved in virtual pointer condition in the fourth run (\(p = 0.017\)).
Conclusions
Results show that the virtual pointer system improves the trainer’s perception of trainee’s performance and this is reflected in the objective performance measures in the third and fourth training runs. The benefit of a virtual pointing and telestration system may be perceived by the trainers early on in training, but this is not evident in objective trainee performance until further mastery has been attained. In addition, the performance improvement of economy of motion specifically shows that the virtual pointer improves the adoption of professional vision— improved ability to see and use laparoscopic video results in more direct instrument movement.
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Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Anne Arundel Medical Center for the use of equipment and space in the Simulation to Advanced Innovation and Learning (SAIL) Center, and would like to thank Ms. Jordan Ramsey and Mr. Jatin Chhikara for their support in system development, and Ms. Katie Li and Ms. Jacqueline Mun for their support in data collection and analysis, as well as the participants who devoted their time to this study. This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grants IIS #1422671 and #1552837.
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The following authors have no conflict of interest or financial ties to disclose: Yuanyuan Feng, Hannah McGowan, Azin Semsar, Hamid R. Zahiri, Ivan M. George, Timothy Turner, Adrian Park, Andrea Kleinsmith and Helena M. Mentis
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was IRB-approved from UMBC and AAMC.
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Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.
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Feng, Y., McGowan, H., Semsar, A. et al. A virtual pointer to support the adoption of professional vision in laparoscopic training. Int J CARS 13, 1463–1472 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-018-1792-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11548-018-1792-9