Abstract
A real-time vision system with multiple cameras was developed for UAV collision warning and visual navigation for fixed-wing small- or medium-sized aircrafts. The embedded vision system simultaneously acquires images using five cameras, stores, and evaluates the visual data with an FPGA-based multi-core processor system. The system was designed to fulfill the strict size, power, and weight requirements arising from UAV on-board restrictions. The hardware parameters of the system and the performance of the algorithm are compared to the state of the art.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Felder, W.: Unmanned System Integration into the National Airspace System. Philadelphia, PA, USA: Keynote Presented at ICUAS 2012, June (2012)
Dey, D., Geyer, C., Singh, S., Digioia, M.: Passive, long-range detection of aircraft: towards a field deployable sense and avoid system. Field and Service Robotics, Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, 2010, Vol. 62, pp. 113–123 (2010). doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-13408-1_11
Federal Aviation Administration: Fact sheet—unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) (2010)
Department of Defense: Unmanned aircraft system airspace integration plan. Tech. Rep. March, Department of Defense (2011)
Federal Aviation Administration: Integration of unmanned aircraft systems into the National Airspace System Concept of Operations (2012)
Mejias, L., McNamara, S., Lai, J., Ford, J.: Vision-based detection and tracking of aerial targets for UAV collision avoidance. International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), pp. 87–92 (2010)
Dey, D., Geyer, C., Singh, S., Digioia, M.: Passive, long-range detection of aircraft: towards a field deployable sense and avoid system. Robotics Institute. Paper 962 (2009)
Mejias, L., Ford, J. J., Lai, J. S.: Towards the implementation of vision-based UAS sense-and-avoid. In: Proceedings of the 27th International Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences (ICAS 2010), 19–24. September 2010, Acropolis Conference, Centre, Nice (2010)
Livadas, C., Lygeros, J., Lynch, A., Nancy, : High-level modeling and analysis of the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS). Proc. IEEE 88(7), 926–948 (2000)
Federal Aviation Administration: Fact sheet—automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADB-S) (2010)
Fasano, G., Accardo, D., Moccia, A., Carbone, C., Ciniglio, U., Corraro, F., Luongo, S.: Multi-sensor-based fully autonomous non-cooperative collision avoidance system for unmanned air vehicles. J. Aerosp. Comput. Inf. Commun. 5(10), 338–360 (2008)
Achtelik, M., Stephan W., Siegwart, R.: Onboard IMU and monocular vision based control for MAVs in unknown in-and outdoor environments. Robotics and automation (ICRA), 2011 IEEE international conference on. IEEE, (2011)
Meier, L., Tanskanen, P., Heng, L., Lee, G.H., Fraundorfer, F., Pollefeys, M.: PIXHAWK: a micro aerial vehicle design for autonomous flight using onboard computer vision. Auton. Robots 33(1–2), 21–39 (2012)
Nikolic, J., Burri, M., Rehder, J., Leutenegger, S., Huerzeler, C., Siegwart, R.: A UAV system for inspection of industrial facilities. In: Aerospace Conference, 2013 IEEE (pp. 1–8) IEEE (2013, March)
Ahlberg, C., Lidholm, J., Ekstrand, F., Spampinato, G., Ekstrom, M., Asplund, L.: Gimme-a general image multiview manipulation engine. In: Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs (ReConFig), 2011 International Conference on (pp. 129–134) IEEE (2011, November)
Mejias, L., McNamara, S., Lai, J., Ford, J.: Vision-based detection and tracking of aerial targets for UAV collision avoidance. In: Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2010 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on (pp. 87–92) IEEE (2010, October)
International Civil Aviation Organization: Air traffic management. ICAO Doc 4444, fifteenth edition (2007)
Zarándy, Á., Zsedrovits, T., Nagy, Z., Kiss, A., Roska, T.: On-board see-and-avoid system. Conference of the Hungarian Association for Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (Kepaf 2013) pp. 604–617 Bakonybel, (2013)
http://www.framos.com/products/en/cameras/camera-modules/fcb-ma130-15447.html (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.sedeco.nl/sedeco/index.php/lenses/smount (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.mobisensesystems.com/pages_en/aptina_modules.html (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
https://www.leopardimaging.com/LI-USB30-M021.html (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.ptgrey.com/products/index.asp (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.edmundoptics.com/imaging/imaging-lenses/ (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://defense.ge-ip.com/products/gpgpu/c497 (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.tokudenkairo.co.jp/exp6t/ (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
http://www.legitreviews.com/article/1980/1/ (2014). Accessed 2 Sept 2014
Zsedrovits, T.: Visual sense and avoid for fixed-wing small size unmanned aerial vehicles. Dissertation. Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary, 2014. https://itk.ppke.hu/uploads/articles/162/file/Zsedrovits%20Tamas%20dissertation.pdf. Accessed 2 Sept 2014
Zsedrovits, T., Zarandy, A., Vanek, B., Peni, T., Bokor, J., Roska, T.: Estimation of relative direction angle of distant, approaching airplane in sense-and-avoid. J. Intell. Rob. Syst. 69(1–4), 407–415 (2013)
Chu, T., Guo, N., Backén, S., Akos, D.: Monocular camera/IMU/GNSS integration for ground vehicle navigation in challenging GNSS environments. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 3162–85, Jan. 2012
Zsedrovits, T., Bauer, P., Zarandy, A., Vanek, B., Bokor, J., Roska, T.: Error analysis of algorithms for camera rotation calculation in GPS/IMU/camera fusion for UAV sense and avoid systems. ICUAS (2014)
Zsedrovits, T., Bauer, P., Zarandy, A., Vanek, B., Bokor, J., Roska, T.: Towards real-time visual and IMU data fusion. Presented at the AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference and Exhibit, (2014)
Ristic, B., Vo, B.N., Clark, D., Vo, B.T.: A metric for performance evaluation of multi-target tracking algorithms. Signal Process. IEEE Trans. 59(7), 3452–3457 (2011)
Nistér, D.: An efficient solution to the five-point relative pose problem. IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 26(6), 756–777 (2004)
R. Hartley and A. Zisserman, Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision. Cambridge University Press, 2004
Torr, P.H.S., Zisserman, A.: MLESAC: a new robust estimator with application to estimating image geometry. Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 78(1), 138–156 (2000)
Stewénius, H., et al.: Recent developments on direct relative orientation. ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. 60(4), 284–294 (2006)
Bailey, D. G., Johnston, C. T.: Single pass connected components analysis. In: Proceedings of image and vision computing New Zealand 2007, pp. 282–287, Hamilton, New Zealand, December 2007
Nagy, Z., Kiss, A., Zarándy, Á., Vanek, B., Péni, T., Bokor, J., Roska, T.: Volume and power optimized high-performance system for UAV collision avoidance ISCAS-2012, Seoul, Korea (2012)
Acknowledgments
The ONR Grants (N62909-11-1-7039, N62909-10-1-7081) is greatly acknowledged., The authors express their thanks to grants TÁMOP- 4.2.1.B-11/2/KRM-2011-0002 and TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0014.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zarándy, Á., Nemeth, M., Nagy, Z. et al. A real-time multi-camera vision system for UAV collision warning and navigation. J Real-Time Image Proc 12, 709–724 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-014-0449-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11554-014-0449-3