Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A modular modeling approach for describing the in-plane forming behavior of unidirectional non-crimp-fabrics

  • Computer Aided Engineering
  • Published:
Production Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Various commercially available unidirectional (UD) non-crimp-fabrics (NCFs) are currently used for manufacturing carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) parts. These UD NCFs can differ significantly in their forming behavior. For optimizing and ensuring the manufacturability of the forming process of CFRP parts manufactured from UD NCFs these differences have to be taken into account. This motivates developing an efficient and universally applicable modular modeling approach for describing the in-plane forming behavior of various UD NCFs. The first component of this modular approach is a hyperelastic material model that accurately predicts the fiber orientation of UD NCFs during forming. This material model is implemented via a user-defined material subroutine in the commercial finite element package LS-DYNA. The second component is a simple truss structure that allows modeling the various stitch patterns of the different UD NCFs. This modular model can be calibrated via simple tensile tests. To demonstrate the versatility of this approach, the in-plane forming behavior of three different UD NCFs is validated by comparing experimental data and simulation results of the common picture frame test.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Aimène Y, Vidal-Salle E, Hagege B, Sidoroff F, Boisse P (2010) A hyperelastic approach for composite reinforcement large deformation analysis. J Compos Mater 44:5–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Badel P, Gauthier S, Vidal-Sallé E, Boisse P (2009) Rate constitutive equations for computational analyses of textile composite reinforcement mechanical behaviour during forming. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 40:997–1007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Belytschko T, Liu WK, Moran B (eds.) (2009) Nonlinear finite elements for continua and structures. Wiley, Chichester and New York and Winheim and Brisbane and Singapore and Toronto

  4. Boisse P, Zouari B, Daniel JL (2005) Importance of in-plane shear rigidity in finite element analyses of Woven fabric composite preforming. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 37:2201–2212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Bonet J, Burton A (1998) A simple orthotropic, transversely isotropic hyperelastic constitutive equation for large strain computations. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 162:151–164

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  6. Cao J, Akkerman R, Boisse P, Chen J, Cheng HS, Graaf EFd, Gorczyca JL, Harrison P, Hivet G, Launay J, Lee W, Liu L, Lomov SV, Long A, Luycker Ed, Morestin F, Padvoiskis J, Peng XQ, Sherwood J, Stoilova T, Tao X, Verpoest I, Willems A, Wiggers J, Yu T, Zhu B (2008) Characterization of mechanical behavior of woven fabrics: experimental methods and benchmark results. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 39:1037–1053

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Duhovic M, Mitschang P, Bhattacharyya D (2011) Modelling approach for the prediction of stitch influence during woven fabric draping. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 42:968–978

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. FORMAX: products: http://www.formax.co.uk/product.php?id=40&c=3&t=13

  9. Gereke T, Döbrich O, Hübner M, Cherif C (2013) Experimental and computational composite textile reiforcement forming: a review. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 46:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Holzapfel GA (ed) (2010) Nonlinear solid mechanics: a continuum approach for engineering. Wiley, Chichester and New York and Winheim and Brisbane and Singapore and Toronto

  11. Itskov M, Aksel N (2004) A class of orthotropic and transversely isotropic hyperelastic constitutive models based on a polyconvex strain energy function. Int J Solids Struct 41:3822–3848

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  12. Khan M, Mabrouki T, Gauthier S, Vidal-Sallé E, Boisse P (2008) Preforming simulation of the reinforcements of woven composites: continuous approach within a commercial code. Int J Mater Form 1:879–882

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Livermore Software Technology Corporation: LS-DYNA theory manual, Version 2006 (2006)

  14. Livermore Software Technology Corporation: LS-DYNA KEYWORD USER’S MANUAL VOLUME II, Version 971 (2012)

  15. Lomov SV, Barburski M, Stoilova T, Verpoest I, Akkerman R, Loendersloot R, Thije Rt (2005) Carbon composites based on multiaxial multiply stitched preforms. Part 3: Biaxial tension, picture frame and compression tests of the preforms. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36:1188–1206

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. N.N.: DIN EN ISO 2062:2010–04: Textilien - Garne von Aufmachungseinheiten - Bestimmung der Hchstzugkraft und chstzugkraftdehnung von Garnabschnitten unter Verwendung eines Prfgerts mit konstanter Verformungsgeschwindigkeit (2010)

  17. Roll K (2011) Application of virtual methods in automotive industry. In: RH Kolleck (ed) Tools and technologies for processing ultra high strength materials, Graz, pp 81–86

  18. Sidhu R, Averill R, Riaz M, Pourboghrat F (2001) Finite element analysis of textile composite preform stamping. Compos Struct 52:483–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Spencer A (1984) Continuum theory of the mechanics of fibre-reinforced composites. Springer, Berlin

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Thije RHWt, Akkerman R, Huétink J (2007) Large deformation simulation of anisotropic material using an updated Lagrangian finite element method. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 196:3141–3150

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  21. Wiggers J, Long AC, Harrison P, Rudd CD (2003) The effects of stitch architecture on the shear compliance of non-crimp fabrics. In: 6th international ESAFORM conference on materials forming 6:851–854

  22. Yu WR, Harrison P, Long A (2005) Finite element forming simulation for non-crimp fabrics using a non-orthogonal constitutive equation. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 36:1079–1093

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Christian Keintzel, BMW Group, for interesting discussions and his support with the tensile tests.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. BMW Group, 80788, Munich, Germany

    T. Senner, S. Kreissl, J. Meinhardt & A. Lipp

  2. Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany

    M. Merklein

Authors
  1. T. Senner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Kreissl
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Merklein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Meinhardt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. A. Lipp
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to T. Senner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Senner, T., Kreissl, S., Merklein, M. et al. A modular modeling approach for describing the in-plane forming behavior of unidirectional non-crimp-fabrics. Prod. Eng. Res. Devel. 8, 635–643 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-014-0561-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-014-0561-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation