Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pre-strain dependent relaxation behaviour of AA6016 during automotive paint drying processes

  • Production Process
  • Published:
Production Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Heat treatable aluminium alloys are widely used in modern car bodies to achieve lightweight cars. Compared to steel, aluminium alloys are more sensitive to creep behaviour under high elastic stresses, since their melting point of about 600 °C is much lower. In order to predict permanent deformations of outer shell panels due to thermal stresses in drying processes and ensure highest quality standards regarding appearance to the customer, interdependencies with production process history must be evaluated. In this work, stress relaxation of the aluminium alloy AA6016 in initially T4 temper has been examined within the elastic regime with focus on the dependency of plastic pre-strain during primary creep phase. As a result, pre-strain becomes more important the higher the temperature was set. Hence, the former production process history of aluminium sheet metal parts must be taken into account when viscoelastic deformations are investigated. Based on the test results a pre-strain dependent material model for finite element simulations is pointed out, which can be used for novel deformation analyses of car bodies in automotive paint drying processes that contain aluminium parts out of AA6016.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Goede M (2011) Mischbaustrategien im Karosseriekonzept. In: Neugebauer R (ed) 6th Chemnitz car body colloquium, vol 59, pp 95–113

  2. Seehafer G (2014) The body structure of the new Audi TT. ATZ Worldw 116(7–8):30–35

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hirsch J (2004) Automotive trends in aluminium—the European perspective. Mater Forum 28:15–23

    Google Scholar 

  4. Friedrich HE (2013) Leichtbau in der Fahrzeugtechnik. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  5. Dietrich R (2014) Thermal stress in the paint shop oven process (Delta-Alpha). In: Proceedings of automotive circle international 2014–04-02, Bad Nauheim

  6. Polmear IJ (2004) Aluminium alloys—a century of age hardening. Mater Forum 28:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ashby MF (1972) A first report on deformation mechanism maps. Acta Metall Mater 20(7):887–897

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ostermann F (2014) Anwendungstechnik aluminium. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  9. Regensburger J, Mendes de Lima L, Albiez C, Weigel P, Drossel WG (2015) Creep behaviour of AA6016 during automotive paint drying processes. Key Eng Mat 639:443–450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Betten J (2010) Creep mechanics. Springer, Berlin

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  11. da Andrade ENC (1914) The flow in metals under large constant stresses. Proc R Soc Lond Ser A 90(619):329–342

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Jaglinski T, Lakes R (2004) Creep behaviour of Al–Si die-cast alloys. Trans ASME 126:378–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Di Michele G, Guglielmi P, Palumbo G, Sorgente D (2015) Investigation on the strain behaviour of a precipitation-hardenable aluminium alloy through a temperature gradient based heat treatment. Key Eng Mat 639:361–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Nabarro FRN, de Villiers HL (1995) The physics of creep. Taylor & Francis, London

    Google Scholar 

  15. Hussnaetter W, Merklein M (2008) Characterization of material behavior under pure shear condition. Int J Mater Form 1:233–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Prillhofer R, Rank G, Berneder J, Antrekowitsch H, Uggowitzer PJ, Pogatscher S (2014) Property criteria for automotive Al–Mg–Si sheet alloys. Materials 7(7):5047–5068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Wu MY, Sherby OD (1984) Unification of Harper–Dorn and power law creep through consideration of internal stresses. Acta Metall Mater 32(9):1561–1572

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Solberg JK, Thon H (1985) Stress relaxation and creep of some aluminium alloys. Mater Sci Eng 75:105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Teichmann K, Mariorara CD, Andersen SJ, Marthinsen K (2012) The effect of preaging deformation on the precipitation behaviour of an Al–Mg–Si alloy. Metall Mater Trans A 43(11):4006–4014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Albiez C, Liewald M, Goerres A, Regensburger J (2011) Numerical prediction of thermal panel distortion incorporating thermal material properties of 6016 aluminum alloy. In: Proceedings of European aluminium congress 2011-11-23, Duesseldorf

  21. Hetnarski RB, Eslami MR (2009) Thermal stresses—advanced theory and applications. Springer, Dordrecht

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  22. Kao R (1981) Nonlinear creep buckling analysis of initially imperfect shallow spherical shells. Comput Struct 14(1–2):111–122

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AUDI AG, Neckarsulm, Germany

    J. Regensburger, N. Cwiekala & C. Albiez

  2. Fraunhofer Institute for Machine Tools and Forming Technology IWU, Chemnitz, Germany

    W.-G. Drossel

Authors
  1. J. Regensburger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. N. Cwiekala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. C. Albiez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. W.-G. Drossel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Regensburger.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Regensburger, J., Cwiekala, N., Albiez, C. et al. Pre-strain dependent relaxation behaviour of AA6016 during automotive paint drying processes. Prod. Eng. Res. Devel. 10, 113–118 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-015-0655-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11740-015-0655-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation