Skip to main content
Log in

Video watermarking using wavelet transform and tensor algebra

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Signal, Image and Video Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

We present a robust, hybrid non-blind MPEG video watermarking technique based on a high-order tensor singular value decomposition and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The core idea behind our proposed technique is to use the scene change analysis to embed the watermark repeatedly into the singular values of high-order tensors computed form the DWT coefficients of selected frames of each scene. Experimental results on video sequences are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in terms of perceptual invisibility and robustness against attacks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cox I.J., Miller M.L., Bloom J.A.: Digital Watermarking. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Hartung F., Kutter M.: Multimedia watermarking techniques. Proc. IEEE 87(7), 1079–1107 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Memon N., Wong P.: Digital watermarks: protecting multimedia content. Comm. ACM 47(7), 35–43 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Bors G., Pitas I.: Image watermarking using block site selection and DCT domain constraints. Opt. Express 3(12), 512–522 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Podilchuk C.I., Zeng W.J.: Image-adaptive watermarking using visual models. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. 16(4), 525–539 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Langelaar G.C., Setyawan I., Lagendijk R.L.: Watermarking digital image and video data. A state-of-the-art overview. IEEE Signal Process. Mag. 17(5), 20–46 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Gwenael A.D., Dugelay J.L.: A guide tour of video watermarking. Signal Process Image Commun. 18(4), 263–282 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Swanson M.D., Zhu B., Tewfik A.H.: Multiresolution scene-based video watermarking using perceptual models. IEEE J. Sel Areas Commun. 16(4), 540–550 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Bhattacharya, S., Chattopadhyay, T., Pal, A.: A survey on different video watermarking techniques and comparative analysis with reference to H.264/AVC. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Consumer Electronics, pp. 1–6 (2006)

  10. Liu H., Chang L.: Real time digital video watermarking for digital rights management via modification of VLCS. Proc. Int. Conf. Parallel Distrib. Syst. 2, 295–299 (2005)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Wang Y., Pearmain A.: Blind MPEG-2 video watermarking robust against geometric attacks: a set of approaches in DCT domain. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 15(6), 1536–1543 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Deguillaume, F., Csurka, G., ÒRuanaidh, J., Pun, T.: Robust 3D DFT video watermarking. Proc. Secur. Watermarking Mult. Content 3657, 113–124 (1999)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Hartung F., Girod B.: Watermarking of uncompressed and compressed video. IEEE Trans. Signal Process. 66(3), 283–301 (1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  14. Lin Y.R., Hsu W.H.: An embedded watermark technique in video for copyright protection. Proc. Int. Conf. Pattern Recog. 4, 795–798 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Liu R., Tan T.: A SVD-based watermarking scheme for protecting rightful ownership. IEEE Trans. Multimedia 4(1), 121–128 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Ganic, E., Eskicioglu, A.M.: Robust DWT-SVD domain image watermarking: embedding data in all frequencies. In: Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia and Security Workshop, pp. 166–174 (2004)

  17. Abdallah, E.E., Ben Hamza, A., Bhattacharya, P.: MPEG video watermarking using tensor singular value decomposition. In: Proceeding of the International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4633, pp. 772–783 (2007)

  18. Mallat S.: A Wavelet Tour of Signal Processing. Academic, San Diego (1998)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  19. Lathauwer L.D., Moor B.D., Vandewalle J.: A multilinear singular value decomposition. SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 21(4), 1253–1278 (2000)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  20. Park S.W., Savvides M.: Individual kernel tensor-subspaces for robust face recognition: a computationally efficient tensor framework without requiring mode factorizatin. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. 37(5), 1156–1166 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Bader B.W., Kolda T.G.: MATLAB tensor classes for fast algorithm prototyping. ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 32(4), 635–653 (2006)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  22. Kolda, T.G.: MATLAB Tensor Toolbox. Version 2.2. http://csmr.ca.sandia.gov/tgkolda/TensorToolbox/ (2007)

  23. Elbasia, E., Eskicioglu, A.M.M.: MPEG-1 video semi-blind watermarking algorithm in the DWT domain. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Broadband Multimedia Systems and Broadcasting, pp. 87–90. Las Vegas (2006)

  24. Chan P.W., Lyu M.R., Chin R.T.: A novel scheme for hybrid digital video watermarking: approach evaluation and experimentation. IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 15(12), 1638–1649 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Winkler S., Drelie Gelasca E., Ebrahimi T.: Toward perceptual metrics for video watermark evaluation. Proc. SPIE Appl. Digit. Image Process. 5203, 371–378 (2003)

    Google Scholar 

  26. Netravali A.N., Haskell B.G.: Digital Pictures: Representation, Compression, and Standards. Plenum, New York (1995)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Niu X., Sun S. (2000) A new wavelet-based digital watermarking for video. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Digital Signal Processing Workshop, pp. 1–6. Texas (2000)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to A. Ben Hamza.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Abdallah, E.E., Ben Hamza, A. & Bhattacharya, P. Video watermarking using wavelet transform and tensor algebra. SIViP 4, 233–245 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-009-0114-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-009-0114-7

Keywords

Navigation