Abstract
In this paper, a new approach has been proposed for improved facial expression recognition. The new approach is inspired by the compressive sensing theory and multiresolution approach to facial expression problems. Initially, each image sample is decomposed into desired pyramid levels at different sizes and resolutions. Pyramid features at all levels are concatenated to form a pyramid feature vector. The vectors are further reinforced and reduced in dimension using a measurement matrix based on compressive sensing theory. For classification, a multilevel classification approach based on single-branch decision tree has been proposed. The proposed multilevel classification approach trains a number of binary support vector machines equal to the number of classes in the datasets. Class of test data is evaluated through the nodes of the tree from the root to its apex. The results obtained from the approach are impressive and outperform most of its counterparts in the literature under the same databases and settings.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Fasel, B., Juergen, L.: Automatic facial expression analysis. J. Pattern Recognit. Soc. 36, 259–275 (2003)
Min, T., Feng, C.: Facial expression recognition and its application based on Curvelet transform and PSO_SVM. Int. J. Light Electron Opt. 124, 5401–5406 (2013)
Wenfei, G., Cheng, X., Venkatesh, Y.V., Dong, H., Hai, L.: Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis. J. Pattern Recognit. Soc. 45, 80–91 (2012)
Shiqing, Z., Lemin, L., Zhijin, Z.: Facial expression recognition based on Gabor wavelets and sparse representation. In: Proceedings ICSP, pp. 816–819 (2012)
Michael, J.L., Shigeru, A., Miyuki K., Jiro, G.: Coding facial expressions with Gabor wavelets. In: Proceedings AFGR, pp. 200–205 (1998)
Shishir, B., Ganesh, K.V.: Recognition of facial expressions using Gabor wavelets and learning vector quantization. J. Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell. 21, 1056–1064 (2008)
Baochang Z., Shiguang, S.: Histogram of Gabor phase patterns (HGPP): a novel object representation approach for face recognition. In: IEEE Transaction IP, pp. 57–68 (2007)
Yimo, G., Zhengguang, X.: Local Gabor phase difference pattern for face recognition. In: Proceedings ICPR, pp. 1–4 (2008)
Rafael, C.G., Richard, E.W.: Wavelets and Multiresolution Processing, In Digital Image Processing 2nd Ed., Pearson publishers, USA
Shannon, C.E.: Communication in the presence of noise. Proc. IRE 37, 10–21 (1949)
Emamnuel, C.J.: Compressive Sampling. Proc. ICM 3, 1433–1452 (2006)
Shannon, C.E.: A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Syst. Tech. J. 27, 379–423 (1948)
Baraniuk, R.G.: Compressed sensing [lecture notes]. Proc. SPM 24, 118–124 (2007)
Eleyan, A., Kose, K., Cetin, E.: Image feature extraction using compressive sensing. In: proceedings AISC, pp. 177–184 (2013)
Hsu, C., Lin, C.: A comparison of methods for multi-class support vector machines. IEEE Trans. Neural Network 13, 415–425 (2002)
Vapnik, V.: Statistical Learning Theory. Wiley, New York (1998)
Knerr, S., Personnaz, L., Dreyfus, G.: “Single-layer learning revisited: a stepwise Procedure for Building and Training a Neural Network”. In: Fogelman-Soulie and Herault, (eds), Neurocomputing: Algorithms, Architectures and Applications NATO ASI. Springer, (1990)
Friedman. J. H.: Another approach to polychotomous classification. Technical report. Stanford Department of Statistics. http://www.stat.stanford.edu/reports/friedman/poly.ps.Z (1996)
Platt, J. C., Cristianini N., Shawe-Taylor, J.: Large margin DAGs for multiclass classification. http://www.weizmann.ac.il (1999)
Dietterich, T.G., Bakiri, G.: Solving multiclass learning problems via error-correcting output codes. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 2, 263–286 (1995)
Mlakar, U., Potocnik, B.: Automated facial expression recognition based on histograms of oriented gradient feature vector differences. In: Proceedings of SIVP, Vol. 9(1), pp. 245–253
Yurtkan, K., Demirel, H.: Entropy-based feature selection for improved 3D facial expression recognition. Proceedings of SIVP 8(2), 267–277 (2014)
Mohammadian, A., Aghaeinia, H., Towhidkhah, F.: Incorporating prior knowledge from the new Person into recognition of facial expression. Proceedings of SIVP 10(2), 235–242 (2016)
Zhalehpour, S., Akhtar, Z., Eroglu, E.: Multimodal emotion recognition based on Peak frame selection from video. Proceedings of SIVP 10(5), 827–834 (2016)
Rao, K.S., Koolagudi, S.G.: Recognition of emotions from video using acoustic and facial features. Proceedings of SIVP 9(5), 1029–1045 (2015)
Moeini, A., Faez K., Moeini, H.: Pose-invariant-facial expression recognition based on 3D face reconstruction and synthesis from a single 2D image. In: Proceedings 22nd International Conference on ICPR (2014), pp. 1746–1751 (2014)
Moeini, A., Faez, K., Moeini, H.: Multimodal Facial Expression Recognition Based on 3D Face Reconstruction from 2D Images. In: Ji, Qiang, Gang Hua, Thomas B.Moeslund, Nasrollahi, Kamal (eds.) Face and facial expression recognition from real world videos. International Workshop, Stockholm (2014)
Ouamane, A., Belahcene, M., Benakcha, A., et al.: Robust multimodal 2D and 3D face authentication using local feature fusion. Proc. SIVP 10(1), 129–137 (2016)
Lajevardi, S.M.: Structural similarity classifier for facial expression recognition. Proc. SIVP 8(6), 1103–1110 (2014)
Okuwobi, I.P., Chen, Q., Niu, S., Bekalo, L.: Three-dimensional (3D) facial recognition and prediction. Proc. SIVP 10(6), 1151–1158 (2016)
Liang, J., Hou, Z., Chen, C., Xu, X.: Supervised bilateral two-dimensional locality preserving projection algorithm based on Gabor wavelet. In: Proceedings SIVP, pp. 1–8 (2016)
Khan, N.M., Ksantini, R., Ahmad, I.S., Guan, L.: SN-SVM: a sparse nonparametric support vector machine classifier. Proc. SIVP 8(8), 1625–1637 (2014)
Wang, Z., Xu, W., Hu, J., Guo, J.: A Multiclass SVM method via probabilistic error-correcting output codes. In: Proceedings ITA, pp. 1–4 (2010)
Chen, L., Yen, Y.: Taiwanese Facial Expression Image Database. Brain Mapping Laboratory, Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei (2007)
Kanade, T., Cohn, J.F., Tian, Y.: Comprehensive database for facial expression analysis. In: Proceedings FG2000-ICAFGR, pp. 46–53. Grenoble, France (2000)
Wei-Lu, C., Jian-Jiun, D., Jun-Zuo, L.: Facial expression recognition based on improved local binary pattern and class-regularized locality preserving projection. Int. J. Signal Process. 117, 1–10 (2015)
Ying, Z., Fang, X.: Combining LBP and adaboost for facial expression recognition\(^{\prime \prime }\). In: Proceedings ICSP, pp. 1461–1464 (2008)
Guo, G., Dyer, R.: Facial expression recognition based on Gabor histogram feature and MVBoost. J. Comput. Res. Dev 44, 1089–1096 (2007)
Huang, M. W., Wang, Z. W., Ying, Z.L.: A new method for facial expression recognition based on sparse representation plus LBP. In: Proceedings ICISP, pp. 1750–1754 (2010)
Cai L., Yin, Z.: A new approach of facial expression recognition based on Contourlet transform. In: Proceedings ICWAPR, pp. 275–280 (2009)
Zavaschi, T., Koerich, A., Oliveira, L.: Facial expression recognition using ensemble of classifiers. In: Proceedings IC-ASSP, pp. 1489–1492 (2011)
Shan, C., Gong, S., Facial expression analysis across databases. In: Proceedings MT, pp. 317–320 (2011)
Zhang, Z., Xu, C., Wang, J.X., Chen, X.N.: Facial expression recognition based on MB-LGBP feature and multi-level classification. J. Adv. Intell. Soft. Comput. 129, 37–42 (2012)
Moeini, A., Faez, K., Sadeghi, H., Moeini, H.: 2D facial expression recognition via 3D reconstruction and feature fusion. J. Vis. Commun. Image R 35, 1–14 (2016)
Rivera, A.R., Castillo, J.R., Chae, O.: Local directional number pattern for face analysis: face and expression recognition. IEEE Trans. Image Process. 22(5), 1740–1752 (2013)
Liu, S., Ruan, Q., Wang, C., An, G.: Tensor rank one differential graph preserving analysis for facial expression recognition. Image Vis. Comput. 30, 535–545 (2012)
Shan, C., Gong, S., McOwan, P.W.: Facial expressionrecognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study. Image Vis. Comput. 27(6), 803–816 (2009)
Gu, W., Xiang, C., Venkatesh, Y.V., Huang, D., Lin, H.: Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis. Pattern Recognit. 45, 80–91 (2012)
Yeasin, M., Bullot, B., Sharma, R.: From facial expression to level of interest: a Spatio-temporal approach. In: Proceedings CVPR, pp. 922–927 (2004)
Aleksic, P. S., Katsaggelos, A. K.: Automatic facial expression recognition using facial animation parameters and ,multi-stream HMMS. In: Transactions IFS, pp. 3–11 (2006)
Li, Z. S., Imai, J., Kaneko, M.: Facial expression recognition using facial-component-based bag of words and PHOG descriptors. In: proceedings IMT, ,pp. 1003–1009 (2010)
Shan, C., Gong, S., McOwan, P.W.: Robust facial expression recognition using local binary patterns. In: Proceedings ICIP, pp. 370–373 (2005)
Zhao, G.Y., Pietik, M.: Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions. In Transactions PAMI, pp. 915–928 (2007)
Bartlett, M. S., Littlewort, G., Fasel, I., Movellan, R.: Real-time face detection and facial expression recognition: development and application to human computer interaction. In: workshop on HCI-CVPR (2003)
Littlewort, G., Bartlett, M., Fasel, I., Susskind J., Movellan, J.: Dynamics of facial expression extracted automatically from video. In: Workshop on Face Processing in Video (2004)
Tian, Y.: Evaluation of face resolution for expression analysis. In: Workshop on Face Processing in Video (2004)
Rudovic, O., Pavlovic, V., Pantic, M.: Multi-output laplacian dynamic ordinal regression for facial expression recognition and intensity estimation. In: Proceedings International Conference on CVPR, 26 July, pp. 2634–2641 (2012)
Zhong, L., Liu, Q., Yang, P., Liu, B., Huang, J., Metaxas, D. N.: Learning active facial patches for expression analysis. In: Proceedings International Conference On CVPR, 26 July, pp. 2634–2641 (2012)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ashir, A.M., Eleyan, A. Facial expression recognition based on image pyramid and single-branch decision tree. SIViP 11, 1017–1024 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-016-1052-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-016-1052-9