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Advanced bootstrap and adjusted bandwidth for content distribution in peer-to-peer live streaming

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Abstract

Today peer-to-peer (P2P) systems have been deployed for various Internet multimedia applications such as live video streaming service. However, both peer churn and upload capacity insufficiency are inherent problems causing long start-up delay and unstable playback quality. Therefore, we introduce a scalable application-layer multicast algorithm, ABCD-P2P, which inherits the short end-to-end delay and low control overhead due to the push delivery scheme. The logical overlay is close to the physical topology (i.e., geographic proximity) in ABCD-P2P, so a short streaming multicast delivery path reduces the number of hops and avoids the network bottleneck or far routing. Both an advanced bootstrap mechanism and an adjusted bandwidth mechanism are suitable for the asymmetric bandwidth network. The mathematical analysis and simulation results demonstrate that our proposed scheme can achieve the goals of high playback smoothness, short start-up delay, short end-to-end delay, low control overhead, and short recovery time.

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Notes

  1. Churn means peers arriving and departing at a high rate. The dynamics of peer churn disrupt content delivery and adversely affect the delivered quality to participating peers.

  2. A leaf peer means an end-edge peer without its children like as a leaf of tree.

  3. The path length means the ratio of logical overlay path to physical topology path.

  4. Cluster split and merge belong to the NP-hard problem. The cluster leader must load the complexity of computing and handle many control messages to initiate split and merge operator.

  5. The rooter is a root node of tree-based P2P network. A rooter is always a P2P tracker, data server, or content provider.

  6. T r2p means time delay between rooter and a peer (from rooter to peer unidirectionally).

  7. Request interval is between two buffer map packets and two request packets.

  8. Leave Message is sent at first step to let rooter cancel the registration, this can avoid any candidate message or refine message from rooter.

  9. Other bootstrap processes of multicast trees spend much time and much cost, for examples, In NICE, the leader is reselected when a new peer joins; In ZigZag, the cluster is reorganized when a new peer joins; In SplitStream, the new peer is arranged at an appropriate internode.

  10. c can be seen as the range of selecting candidates. c affects the number of candidates and the proximity of new joining peer.

  11. 95 % of peers in the Gnutella system could be reached within 7 hops by pure flooding. We set 3 hops as the time-to-life of Gnutella message to avoid infinite flooding.

  12. Continuity ratio in this paper is equivalent to continuity index in CoolStreaming [13] and received chunk ratio in Substream Trading [31].

  13. Root-to-leaf delay is the same with source-to-end delay defined in AnySee [15] and delivery delay defined in OPSS [33].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. NSD 1, CNSBG, Foxconn, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 5, Hsin Ann Road, Hsinchu City, 300, Taiwan

    Jun-Li Kuo

  2. Chung Shan Institute of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Chen-Hua Shih

  3. Advanced Research Institute, Institute for Information Industry, Taipei, Taiwan

    Cheng-Yuan Ho

  4. Computer Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan

    Yaw-Chung Chen

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  1. Jun-Li Kuo
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  2. Chen-Hua Shih
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Correspondence to Jun-Li Kuo.

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Kuo, JL., Shih, CH., Ho, CY. et al. Advanced bootstrap and adjusted bandwidth for content distribution in peer-to-peer live streaming. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 8, 414–431 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-014-0263-5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12083-014-0263-5

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