Abstract
Throughout human civilization, dance has been considered to be a means of communication. With advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Robot Technology (RT), it is now possible to create biped humanoid robots that can dance. This manuscript provides an overview of dancing robots that have been developed during the past 24 years. It then introduces several emotional flexible spine humanoid robots developed by the author. As part of the introduction, it presents the world’s first humanoid robot that can exhibit dynamic walk with flexible spine motions. This is followed by a discussion on applications, some development issues and possible future directions of research related to dancing robots.
References
Andrews T, Pinner MSM (2008) Johnny 5 lives again. R Mag 52–55
Apostolos MK (1988) A comparison of the artistic aspects of various industrial robots. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence and expert systems, vol 1, pp 548–552
Arkin RC, Fujita M, Takagi T, Hasegawa R (2001) Ethological modeling and architecture for an entertainment robot. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, vol 1, pp 453–458
Aucouturier J, Ikeuchi K, Hirukawa H, Nakaoka S, Shiratori T, Kudoh S, Kanehiro F, Ogata T, Kozima H, Okuno H, Michalowski MP, Ogai Y, Ikegami T, Kosuge K, Takeda T, Hirata Y (2008) Cheek to chip: dancing robots and AI’s future. IEEE Intell Syst 23(2):74–84
Aucouturier JJ, Ogai Y, Ikegami T (2007) Making a robot dance to music using chaotic itinerancy in a network of Fitzhugh-Nagumo neurons. In: Proceedings of the 14th international conference on neural information processing (ICONIP2007). http://www.jj-aucouturier.info/papers/ICONIP-2007.pdf
Borst C, Wimböck T, Schmidt F, Fuchs M (2009) Rollin’ Justin—mobile platform with variable base. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA’09), pp 1597–1598
Breazeal C (2002) Designing sociable robots. MIT Press, Cambridge
Breazeal C, Brooks R (2004) Robot emotion: a functional perspective. In: Fellous J, Arbib M (eds) Who needs emotions: the brain meets the robot. MIT Press, Cambridge
Brooks RA, Breazeal C, Scassellati B, O’ Reilly UM (1999) Technologies for human/humanoid natural interactions. In: Proceedings of the second international symposium on human/humanoid natural interactions, pp 135–147
Brownlow S, Dixon AR, Egbert CA, Radcliffe RD (1997) Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance. Psychol Rec 47(3):411–421
Chestnutt J, Lau M, Cheung G, Kuffner J, Hodgins J, Kanada T (2005) Footstep planning for the Honda ASIMO humanoid. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2005), pp 629–634
Dautenhahn K, Werry I (2004) Towards interactive robots in autism therapy: background motivation and challenges. Pragmat Cogn 12(1):1–36
Delcomyn F (1998) Foundations of neurobiology. Freeman, New York
Endo N, Momoki S, Zecca M, Saito M, Mizoguchi Y, Itoh K, Takanishi A (2008) Development of whole-body emotion expression humanoid robot. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation, pp 2140–2145
Fuchs M, Borst C, Robuffo Giordano BA, Kraemer E, Kangwald J, Gruber R, Seitz N, Plank G, Kunze K, Burger R, Schmidt F, Wimböck T, Hirzinger G (2009) Rollin’ Justin—design considerations and realization of a mobile platform for a humanoid upper body. In: Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA’09). http://www.inescporto.pt/~fgouyon/docs/OliveiraGouyonReis_ARTECH2008.pdf
Fujita M, Kuroki Y, Ishida T, Doi T (2003) Autonomous behavior control architecture of entertainment humanoid robot SDR-4X. In: IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems
Fujita M, Sabe K, Kuroki Y, Ishida T, Doi T (2003) SDR-4X II: a small humanoid as an entertainer in home environment. In: International symposium of robotics research
Ge SS (2007) Social robotics: integrating advances in engineering and computer science. Accessed 10 Feburary 2009. http://robotics.nus.edu.sg/files/srl/pdf/ECTI07-Keynote-v3.pdf
Geppert L (2004) QRIO: The Robot That Could. Accessed 21 February 2009. http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/may04/3990
Grunberg D, Ellenberg R, Kim Y, Oh P (2000) From RoboNova to HUBO: platforms in robot dance. In: Proceedings of the international conference of advanced humanoid robotics research (ICAHRR), pp 1743–1750
Guenter F. Roos L, Guignard A, Billard A (2005) Design of a biomimetic upper body for the humanoid robot robota. In: Proceedings of the IEEE-RAS international conference on humanoid robots, IEEE, pp 56–61
Hanna JL (1987) To dance is human: a theory of nonverbal communication. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Hara F, Akazawa H, Kobayashi H (2001) Realistic facial expressions by SMA driven face robot. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication, pp 504–511
Hirata Y, Hayashi T, Takeda T, Kosege K, Wang Z (2005) Step estimation method for dance partner robot MS DanceR using neural network. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics, pp 523–528
Ishida T, Kuroki Y, Yamaguchi J (2003) Development of mechanical system for a small biped entertainment robot. In: IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication, pp 297–302
Ishiguro H (2007) Android science. Mainichi Communication, Tokyo. In Japanese
Ishiguro H (2007) Scientific issues concerning androids. The Int J Robot Res 26(1):105–117
Itoh K, Miwa H, Nukariya Y, Zecca M, Takanobu H, Roccella S, Carrozza MC, Dario P, Takanishi A (2006) Mechanism and functions for a humanoid robot to express human-like emotions. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2006), pp 4390–4392
Jenkins OC, Matarić MJ (2002) Deriving action and behavior primitives from human motion data. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, vol 3, pp 2551–2556
Kanda T, Hirano T, Eaton D, Ishiguro H (2004) Interactive robots as social partners and peer tutors for children: a field trial. Hum-Comput Interact 19(1):61–84
Kosuge K (2008) Development of dance partner robot—PBDR. In: Marques K, Almeida A, Tokhi MO, Virk GS (eds) Advances in mobile robotics. World Scientific, Singapore, pp 3–4
Kosuge K, Hayashi T, Hirata Y, Tobiyama R (2003) Dance partner robot—Ms DanceR. In: Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, vol 4, pp 3459–3464
Kosuge K, Takeda T, Hirata Y, Endo M, Nomura M, Sakai K, Koizumi M, Oconogi T (2008) Partner Ballroom Dance Robot—PBDR. J Control Meas Syst Integr 1(1):74–80
Kozima H, Michalowski MP, Nakagawa C (2008) A playful robot for research therapy, and entertainment. Int J Soc Robot 1(1):3–81
Kozima H, Nakagawa C (2006) Interactive robots as facilitators of children’s social development. In: Lazinica A (ed) Mobile robots: toward new applications. Advanced Robotics Systems, Vienna, pp 269–286
Kuroki Y et al (2003) A small biped entertainment robot exploring human-robot interactive applications. In: IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication, pp 303–308
Lim H, Ishii A, Takanishi A (2000) Emotion-based walking of a biped humanoid robot. In: Proceedings of the 13th CISM-IFToMM symposium on theory and practice of robots and manipulators Ro.Man.Sy 2000, pp 295–306
Lim H, Ishii A, Takanishi A (2000) Emotion expression of a biped personal robot. Proceedings of the 2000 IEEE/RSJ international conference on robots and systems, pp 191–196
Lim H, Takanishi A (2007) Biped walking robots created at Waseda University: WL and WABIAN family. Philos Trans Ser A, Math Phys Eng Sci 365–1850
Matarić M (2002) Visuo-motor primitives as a basis for learning by imitation: linking perception to action and biology to robotics. In: Dautenhahn K, Nehaniv C (eds) Imitation in animals and artifacts. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp 392–422
Matarić MJ, Jenkins OC, Fod A, Zordan V (2000) Control and imitation in humanoids. In: In AAAI fall symposium on simulating human agents, North Falmouth, MA
Matarić MJ, Zordan V, Mason Z (1998) Movement control methods for complex, dynamically simulated agents: Adonis dances the Macarena. In: Proceedings of autonomous agents 1998, pp 317–324
Matarić MJ, Zordan V, Williamson MM (1999) Making complex articulated agents dance. Auton Agents Multi-Agent Syst 2(1):23–44
Miwa H, Itoh K, Matsumoto M, Zecca M, Takanobu H, Roccella S (2004) Effective emotional expressions with emotion expression humanoid robot WE-4RII. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 2203–2208
Miwa H, Okuchi T, Takanobu H, Takanishi A (2002) Development of a new human-like head robot WE-4. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, vol 2, pp 2443–2448
Mizuuchi I, Inaba M, Inoue H (2001) A flexible spine human-form robot—development and control of the posture of the spine. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, Maui, Hawaii, vol 3, pp 2099–2104
Mizuuchi I, Nakanishi Y, Namiki Y, Nachio T, Junichi U, Inaba M (2006) Realization of standing of the musculoskeletal humanoid Kotaro by reinforcing muscles. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE-RAS international conference on humanoid robotics, pp 176–181
Mizuuchi I, Tajima R, Yoshikai T, Sato D, Nagashima K, Inaba M, Kuniyoshi Y, Inoue H (2002) The design and control of the flexible spine of a fully tendon-driven humanoid “Kenta”. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, Lausanne, Switzerland, vol 3, pp 2527–2532
Mizuuchi I, Waita H, Nakanishi Y, Yoshikai T, Inaba M, Inoue H (2003) A musculo-skeletal robot leg capable of adding or rearranging the muscles. In: 21th annual conference of the robotics society of Japan. Robotics Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan. Presentation number: 1C29
Mizuuchi I, Waita H, Nakanishi Y, Yoshikai T, Inaba M, Inoue H (2004) Design and implementation of reinforceable muscle humanoid. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, Sendai, Japan, pp 828–833
Mizuuchi I, Yoshiaki T, Sodeyama Y, Nakanishi Y, Miyadera A, Yamamoto T, Niemela T, Hayashi M, Urata J, Namiki Y, Nishino T, Inaba M (2006) Development of musculoskeletal humanoid Kotaro. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 82–87
Mizuuchi I, Yoshida S, Inaba M, Inoue H (2003) The development and control of the flexible-spine of a human-form robot. Adv Robot 17(2):179–196
Mizuuchi I, Yoshikai T, Sato D, Yoshida S, Inaba M, Inoue H (2003) Behavior developing environment for the large-dof muscle-driven humanoid equipped with numerous sensors. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2003), pp 1940–1945
Nakazawa A, Nakaoka S, Ikeuchi K (2004) Matching and blending human motions using temporal scaleable dynamic programming. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 287–294
Nakazawa A, Nakaoka S, Ikeuchi K, Yokoi K (2002) Imitating human dance motions through motion structure analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 2539–2544
Oh JH, Hanson D, Kim WS, Han Y, Kim JY, Park IW (2006) Design of android type humanoid robot Albert HUBO. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 1428–1433
Oliveira J, Gouyon F, Reis LP (2008) Towards an interactive framework for robot dancing applications. In: International conference on digital arts. http://www.inescporto.pt/~fgouyon/docs/OliveiraGouyonReis_ARTECH2008.pdf
Or J (2006) A control system for a flexible spine belly-dancing humanoid. Artif Life 12:63–88
Or J (2008) The development of emotional flexible spine humanoid robots. In: Or J (ed) Affective computing, IN-TECH, pp 133–156
Or J, Takanishi A (2004) A biologically inspired CPG-ZMP control system for the real-time balance of a single-legged belly dancing robot. In: IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS), vol 1, pp 931–936
Or J, Takanishi A (2005) From lamprey to humanoid: the design and control of a flexible spine belly dancing humanoid robot with inspiration from biology. Int J Hum Robot 81–104
Or J, Takanishi A (2007) Effect of a flexible spine emotional belly dancing robot on human perceptions. Int J Hum Robot 4(1):21–47
Pearson H (2004) Robot belly-dancer shakes her stuff, January 2004. www.nature.com/nsu/040119/040119-1.html
Peick M (2005) Dance as communication: messages sent and received through dance. UW-L J Undergrad Res 8. http://www.atomic-knights.de/
Roos L, Guenter F, Guignard A, Billard A (2006) Design of a biomimetic spine for the humanoid robot robota. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RAS-EMBS international conference on biomedical robotics and biomechatronics, pp 329–334
Ruchanurucks M, Nakaoka S, Kudoh S, Ikeuchi K (2005) Generation of humanoid robot motions with physical constraints using hierarchical B-spine. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 674–679
Ruchanurucks M, Nakaoka S, Kudoh S, Ikeuchi K (2006) Humanoid robot motion generation with sequential physical constraints. In: Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on robotics and automation, pp 2649–2654
Sakagami Y, Watanabe R, Aoyama C, Matsunaga S, Higaki N, Fujimura K (2002) The intelligent ASIMO: system overview and integration. In: Proceedings of the 2002 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, Lausanne, Switzerland, vol 3, pp 2478–2483
Scassellati B (2003) Investigating models of social development using a humanoid robot. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2003), vol 4, pp 2704–2709
Setiawan S, Hyon S, Yamaguchi J, Takanishi A (1999) Dynamic interaction between a human and a bipedal humanoid robot. In: Pioneering international symposium on MOVIC in mechatronics, pp 74–79
Setiawan S, Hyon S, Yamaguchi J, Takanishi A (1999) Physical interaction between human and a bipedal humanoid robot—realization of human-follow walking. In: Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE international conference on robotics automation, pp 361–367
Shibata T, Mitsui T, Wada K, Touda A, Kumasaka T, Tagami K, Tanie K (2001) Mental commit robot and its application to therapy of children. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/ASME international conference on advanced intelligent mechatronics, vol 2, pp 1053–1058
Shin D, Sardellitti I, Khatib O (2008) A hybrid actuation approach for human-friendly robot design. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2008), pp 1747–1752
Solis J, Taniguchi K, Ninomiya T, Takanishi A (2007) Towards an expressive performance of the Waseda Flutist Robot: production of Vibrato. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international symposium on robot and human interactive communication, pp 780–785
Taga G, Yamaguchi Y, Shimizu H (2006) Leg task models for reproducing human dance motions on biped humanoid robots. J Robot Soc Jpn 24(3):388–399
Takanishi A, Egusa Y, Tochizawa M, Takeya T, Kato I (1988) Realization of dynamic biped walking stabilized with trunk motion. In: Proceedings of ROMANSY 7, pp 68–79
Takeda T, Hiarata Y, Kosuge K (2007) HMM-based error recovery of dance step selection for dance partner robot. In: Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on robotics and automation, pp 1768–1773
Takeda T, Hiarata Y, Wang Z, Kosuge K (2006) HMM-based error detection of dance step selection for dance partner robot—MS DanceR. In: Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 5631–5636
Takeda T, Kosuge K, Hirata Y (2005) HMM-based dance step estimation for dance partner robot—MS DanceR. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 1602–1607
Tanaka F, Fortenberry B, Aisaka K, Movellan JR (2005) Plans for developing real-time dance interaction between QRIO and Toddlers in a classroom environment. In: Proceedings of the 2005 4th IEEE international conference on development and learning (ICDL 2005), pp 142–147
Tanaka F, Movellan JR, Fortenberry B, Aisaka K (2006) Daily HRI evaluation at a classroom environment: reports from dance interaction experiments. In: Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on human-robot interaction (HRI 2006), pp 3–9
Tanaka F, Noda K, Sawada T, Fujita M (2004) Associated emotion and its expression in an entertainment robot QRIO. Lecture notes in computer science, vol 3166. Springer, Berlin, pp 499–504
Tanaka F, Suzuki H (2004) Dance interaction with QRIO: a case study for non-boring interaction by using an entertainment ensemble model. In: IEEE international workshop on robot and human interactive communication
Tanaka F, Noda K, Sawada T, Fujita M (2004) Associated emotion and its expression in an entertainment robot QRIO. In: International conference on entertainment computing, pp 265–298
Tapus A, Fasola J, Matarić MJ (2008) Socially assistive robotics for individuals suffering from Dementia. In: Robotics helpers: user interaction, interfaces and companions in assistive and therapy robotics workshop, proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction (HRI)
Ulam PD, Arkin RC (2008) Biasing behavioral activation with intent for an entertainment robot. In: Intelligent service robotics, vol 1. Springer, Berlin, pp 195–209
Vukobratovic M, Borovac C, Surdilovic D (2001) Zero-moment point—proper interpretation and new applications. In: Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE international conference on humanoid robots, pp 234–244
Wada K, Shibata T (2007) Social effects of robot therapy in a care house—change of social network of the residents for two months. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA2007), pp 1250–1255
Walker G (2009) Suspectart. Accessed 13 Feburary 2009. http://www.gileswalker.org/gileswalker.org/home.html.
Walters ML, Syrdal DS, Dautenhahn K, Boekhorst RT, Koay KL (2008) Avoiding the uncanny valley: robot appearance, personality and consistency of behavior in an attention-seeking home scenario for a robot companion. Auton Robots 24(2):159–178
Yoshii K, Nakadai K, Torii T, Hasegawa Y, Tsujino H, Komatani K, Ogata T, Okuno HG (2007) A biped robot that keeps steps in time with musical beats while listening to music with its own ears. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems (IROS 2007), pp 1743–1750
Yoshikai T, Otake N, Mizuuchi I, Inaba M, Inoue H (2004) Development of an imitation behavior in humanoid Kenta with reinforcement learning algorithm based on the attention during imitation. In: Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/RSJ international conference on intelligent robots and systems, pp 828–833. Sendai, Japan
Zecca M, Endo N, Momoki S, Itoh K, Takanishi A (2008) Design of the humanoid robot KOBIAN—preliminary analysis of facial and whole body emotion expression capabilities. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/RAS international conference on humanoid robots, pp 487–492
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Or, J. Towards the Development of Emotional Dancing Humanoid Robots. Int J of Soc Robotics 1, 367–382 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-009-0034-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-009-0034-2