Elsevier

Journal of Complexity

Volume 7, Issue 3, September 1991, Pages 232-260
Journal of Complexity

Regular article
A path integral approach to data structure evolution

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Abstract

A probabilistic analysis is presented of certain pointer-based implementations of dictionaries, linear lists, and priority queues; in particular, simple list and d-heap implementations. Under the assumption of equiprobability of histories, i.e., of paths through the internal state space of the implementation, it is shown that the integrated space and time costs of a sequence of n supported operations converge as n → ∞ to Gaussian random variables. For list implementations the mean integrated spatial costs grow asymptotically as n2, and the standard deviations of the costs as n32. For d-heap implementations of priority queues the mean integrated space cost grows only as n2√log n, i.e., more slowly than the worst-case integrated cost. The standard deviation grows as n32. These asymptotic growth rates reflect the convergence as n → ∞ of the normalized structure sizes to datatype-dependent deterministic functions of time, as earlier discovered by Louchard. This phenomenon is clarified with the aid of path integrals. Path integral techniques, drawn from physics, greatly facilitate the computation of the cost asymptotics. This is their first application to the analysis of dynamic data structures.

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Presented at the 2nd Annual International Conference on Computing and Information, Niagara Falls, Canada, May 1990. This work was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under Contract 88-0189.