Intelligent multicriteria decision support: Overview and perspectives
Introduction
Multicriteria Analysis (MA) consists the background of the Multicriteria Decision Support Systems (MCDSSs) which includes models, methods and approaches that aim to aid the Decision Makers (DMs) to handle semistructured decision problems with multiple criteria, where the components are transitional and the required information insufficient. The last twenty five years, MA presents important improvements which arle reflected from the progress of the four theoretical trends (see Bana e Costa, 1990; Pardalos et al., 1995, for instance), that are analysed below and presented in a schematic way in Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, Fig. 4 respectively.
The first trend is the Value System approaches (American School; Fishburn, 1970, 1972, 1982; French, 1993; Keeney and Raiffa, 1976; Keeney, 1992; Von Winterfeldt and Edwards, 1993) aiming to the construction of a value system that aggregates the DM's preferences on the criteria based on strict assumptions (complete and transitive preference relation). The estimated value system by this approach provides a quantitative way that leads the DM's in his/her final decision.
The French School (Roy, 1976, 1985, 1989, 1990; Roy and Bouyssou, 1993; Vincke, 1992; Brans and Mareschal, 1989; Vanderpooten, 1989) using a non compensatory approach aims to the construction of a relation (Outranking Relation) that allow the incomparability among the decision actions. The Outranking Relation approach is not bounded into a mathematical model but providing further exploitation and processes deduce to support the DM to conclude to a “good” decision.
The Disaggregation Aggregation approach (Jacquet-Lagréze, 1984; Jacquet-Lagréze and Siskos, 1982; Siskos, 1980; Siskos and Yannacopoulos, 1985; Siskos et al., 1993), which consists the third theoretical trend, aim to analyze the DM behavior and cognitive style. Special iterative interactive procedures are used, where the components of the problem and DM's global judgement policy are analysed and following are aggregating into a value system. The target of this approach is to aid the DM to improve his/her knowledge on the problem's state and his/her way of preferring that entail a consistent decision to be achieved.
The fourth theoretical trend is the Multiobjective Optimisation approach (Zeleny, 1974, 1982; Evans and Steuer, 1973; Zionts and Wallenious, 1976, 1983; Siskos and Despotis, 1989; Korhonen, 1990; Jaszkiewicz and Slowinski, 1995; Jacquet Lagrèze et al., 1987; Wierzbicki, 1992), which consists an extension of the Mathematical Programming one, aiming to solve problems where there are no discrete alternative actions and the objectives are more than one. The solution is estimated through iterative procedures which lead to: (a) achieving the satisfaction levels of the DM on the criteria or; (b) constructing a utility model of the DM that is used for the selection of the solutions that are assessed from a utility maximization procedure; or (c) a combination of the above two described methods.
Section snippets
The history of MCDSS
Almost the MCDSS can be different from each other, they have similarities according to their structure. Most of them consist of three main components: (a) the Data Subsystem, (b) the Model Subsystem and (c) the Dialogue Subsystem. The Data Subsystem is used for the data management (store, update, restore and process). The Model Subsystem includes the software that implements the multicriteria approach in a structural form. The Dialogue Subsystem provides the tools for the communication
The intelligent MCDSSs
The last few years quite a considerable number of researchers oriented their activities on the field of the Artificial Intelligence (AI). AI includes methods and techniques that provide the intelligent behavior to the computers that is to say (Dicken and Newquist, 1985):
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Learn and understand from the experience.
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Conclude in situation where exist fuzziness and uncertainty.
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Use logic in order to conclude.
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Use knowledge and experience to manipulate the environment.
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Think and reason.
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Understand and infer
Approaches of integrating ES and MCDSS
The name Intelligent MCDSS concerns the MCDSSs that include a kind of Intelligence into their procedures that is to say they include characteristics of the intelligent behavior (as they were described in Section 3). This can be done with the synergistic operation of the Multicriteria methods and the techniques of AI (Expert Systems, Neural Networks). A considerable amount of research work has been done concerning the design and the functionality of these two different approaches. Turban (1993)
Implementation of intelligent MCDSS
The idea of the Intelligent MCDSS have been presented from the early years of 80s and a considerable number of researchers had worked on this approach. Even then, only recently integrated Intelligent MCDSS have been implemented that utilise the most important characteristics of AI technology. The most important works concerning the integration of these two approaches (AI and MA), which have been used in real work applications, are presented in the following paragraphs.
AI techniques were used by
Conclusions
The integration of the AI techniques on the MCDSS provides important improvements of the systems capabilities that can be categorised in two different directions. The first concerns the improvements of the efficient use of the MCDSSs. The MCDSSs include powerful and sometimes complicated processes. This is the reason that MCDSSs require by the DM or DA deep knowledge on the MA scientific fields. The quality and the friendliness of the dialogues between DM-DA and the system ensures the liability
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