Elsevier

Medical Image Analysis

Volume 2, Issue 2, June 1998, Pages 133-142
Medical Image Analysis

Experimentation with a transcranial magnetic stimulation system for functional brain mapping

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1361-8415(98)80008-XGet rights and content

Abstract

We describe functional brain mapping experiments using a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. This device, when placed on a subject's scalp, stimulates the underlying neurons by generating focused magnetic field pulses. A brain mapping is then generated by measuring responses of different motor and sensory functions to this stimulation. The key process in generating this mapping is the association of the 3-D positions and orientations of the TMS probe on the scalp to a 3-D brain reconstruction such as is feasible with a magnetic resonance image (MRI). We have developed a registration system which not only generates functional brain maps using such a device, but also provides real-time feedback to guide the technician in placing the probe at appropriate points on the head to achieve the desired map resolution. Functional areas we have mapped are the motor and visual cortex. Validation experiments focus on repeatability tests for mapping the same subjects several times. Applications of the technique include neuroanatomy research, surgical planning and guidance, treatment and disease monitoring, and therapeutic procedures.

Section snippets

Supplementary Files

References (31)

  • C.M. Epstein et al.

    Localizing the site of magnetic brain stimulation in humans

    Neurology

    (1990)
  • G.J. Ettinger

    Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Medical Image Registration

    (1997)
  • G.J. Ettinger et al.

    Automatic registration for multiple sclerosis change detection

    IEEE Workshop on Biomedical Image Analysis

    (1994)
  • G.J. Ettinger et al.

    Non-invasive functional brain mapping using registered transcranial magnetic stimulation

    IEEE Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis

    (1996)
  • J. Feldmar et al.

    Locally affine registration of free-form surfaces

    IEEE Conf. on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

    (1994)
  • Cited by (47)

    • Image-Guided Procedures: Tools, Techniques, and Clinical Applications

      2016, Bioengineering for Surgery: The Critical Engineer Surgeon Interface
    • Focused ultrasound-mediated non-invasive brain stimulation: Examination of sonication parameters

      2014, Brain Stimulation
      Citation Excerpt :

      Brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) [1] or direct current stimulation (DCS) [2], allow for non-invasive evaluation and modulation of the brain function.

    • On mixed reality environments for minimally invasive therapy guidance: Systems architecture, successes and challenges in their implementation from laboratory to clinic

      2013, Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics
      Citation Excerpt :

      The MAGI system described the technical stages required to provide AR guidance in the neurosurgical microscope and was one of the first to undergo significant clinical evaluation [23,24]. Today, VR and AR medical environments are employed for diagnosis and treatment planning [25], surgical training [26–30], pre- and intra-operative data visualization [31–34], and for intra-operative navigation [12,35–38]. In spite of the wealth of information available due to the advances in medical technology, the extent of diagnostic data readily available to the clinician during therapy is still limited, emphasizing the need for interventional guidance platforms that enable the integration of pre- and intra-operative imaging and surgical navigation into a common environment (Fig. 1).

    • Brain mapping using transcranial magnetic stimulation

      2011, Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
      Citation Excerpt :

      However, displacement of the coil may occur, resulting in stimulation of different brain regions from those intended, and potentially affecting the results of the intervention. We recently described a TMS mapping technique using stereotactic optic guidance.2,26 The purpose of this technique is to facilitate visualization of the cortical surface, and to guide placement of the TMS coil relative to the cortical surface of an individual.

    View all citing articles on Scopus
    View full text