IPool-ADELIN: An extended ADELIN based on IPool node for reliable transport of Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.01.012

Ad Hoc Networks

Volume 11, Issue 4, June 2013, Pages 1435-1442

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.01.012 Get rights and content

Abstract

ADELIN (ADaptive rELIable traNsport) protocol is a reliable transport protocol only based on FEC (Forward Error Correction) for UASN (Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks). In cooperative scenario, ADELIN improves its reliability of data packet transmission further by forwarding node redundancy, which wastes the limited energy and bandwidth of nodes. In this paper, the IPool-ADELIN protocol is proposed and shown to help reduce energy consumption. In IPool-ADELIN, by overhearing the data transmissions, the IPool node not only relays the data packets, which are not implicitly acknowledged, but also does local link maintenance when the BER (Bit Error Rate) of the monitored link is high. The results of mathematical analysis and simulations show that IPool-ADELIN has a higher data delivery ratio and lower energy consumption.

Introduction

UASN (Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks) is a kind of WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) consisting of underwater acoustic sensor nodes. The UASN can be deployed for real-time warship monitoring, oceanographic data collection, environmental monitoring, and disaster prevention etc. Hence, lots of researches have been done on it [1], [2], [3], [4].

In underwater environment, the radio waves cannot propagate well, and the communications among nodes only can be accomplished by means of acoustic channels. Compared with terrestrial WSN, the channel of UASN has the following characteristics:

(1)
High BER (Bit Error Ratio) caused by noise, multi-path loss and Doppler propagation;
(2)
High energy consumption;
(3)
Limited bandwidth [5];
(4)
Long and unstable delivery delay;
(5)
Low speed (about 1500m/s), which varies with the pressure, temperature, and salinity of water.

Therefore, the protocols designed for terrestrial WSN are not suitable for UASN. The design of a reliable transport protocol for UASN is challenging [6], [7]. Now, some works [8], [9], [10], [11], [12] have been done on it.

In [8], [9], a upstream (nearer to the source) node overhears the data packet transmission of downstream (nearer to the sink) node, and looks them as implicit acknowledgments for transmitted data packets to acquire a better latency and energy efficiency. In [10], ADELIN (ADaptive rELIable traNsport) applies BCH (Bose, Ray-Chaudhuri, Hocquenghem) and/or EC (Erasure Codes, a simple variant of Tornado Codes) to guarantee the data transmission reliability according to the distance between two forwarding nodes without any ACKs. In cooperative scenario, ADELIN improves its transport reliability further by node redundancy, which wastes lots of the limited energy and bandwidth of nodes. SDRT (Segmented Data Reliable Transport) [11], NCRF (Network Coding in Rateless Fashion) [12], and NCIA (Network Coding with Implicit Acknowledgment) [12] are reliable transport protocols for UASN based on a hybrid of FEC (EC for SDRT, and network coding for NCRF and NCIA) and feedback.

In our previous studies [13], [14], [15], [16], a selected neighbor of two adjacent forwarding nodes are defined as Pool node, and the Pool node marks itself as forwarding node to do local route maintenance when it determines the link of the two adjacent forwarding node breaks by overhearing their data transmissions. And, the reliability of forwarding mesh is guaranteed.

In this paper, IPool node is defined to extend Pool node, and IPool-ADELIN protocol is proposed over Interweaved TDMA MAC to improve ADELIN protocol. In IPool-ADELIN, IPool node works as following:

(1)
It overhears the data packet transmission of neighbor nodes, looks the data packets from downstream nodes as implicit acknowledgments for the data packets from upstream nodes, and only relays the data packets, which are not implicitly acknowledged.
(2)
It does local link maintenance when the BER of its monitored link is too high, or when the link breaks.

The rest of the paper is arranged as following: firstly, the related works are introduced in chapter 2; secondly, ADELIN is extended in chapter 3; thirdly, the performances of IPool-ADELIN are analyzed via mathematics and simulations in chapter 4 and 5 respectively; finally, a conclusion is drawn in chapter 6.

Section snippets

Related works

Normally, the data transmission reliability of network is based on feedback, redundancy or both of them.

The ADELIN protocol family

In this section, ADELIN is extended to acquire better performance, and an ADELIN family is formed.

Analysis

Based on the models [10], the performance of ADELIN protocol family is mathematically analyzed in this section.

Simulation

In order to prove our mathematic analysis above, the performance of IPool-ADELIN was analyzed in this section by simulations. According to the above analysis of underwater acoustic channel, a simple simulation environment for UASN is defined on the Aqua-Sim [19], which is an NS-2 based Underwater Sensor Network Simulator developed by Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) Lab, University of Connecticut, as following:

(1)
100 nodes are randomly deployed in a 400 km × 400 km square zone.
(2)
The communication radius

Conclusion

The characters of underwater acoustic channel determine that the reliable transport protocols with feedback for terrestrial WSN are not suitable for UASN. ADELIN is a reliable transport protocol without feedback for UASN. In cooperative scenario, ADELIN improves its reliability by forwarding node redundancy, which wastes the limited energy and bandwidth of nodes. In this paper, IPool-ADELIN based on IPool node is proposed to improve ADELIN. In IPool-ADELIN, by overhearing the data transmission,

Acknowledgments

The paper is supported by National Science foundation of China (61073182, 61073183), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (HEUCF1006), and Young backbone teacher project of Heilongjiang province (1155G15).

Shaobin Cai, born in 1973. Ph.D, Professor of computer department, Harbin Engineering University. Post Doctor of computer department, UCLA, Member of China Computer Federation. His primary research interests include ad hoc networks, wireless sensor network, and underwater acoustic sensor network.

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Cited by (0)

Zhenguo Gao, male, born in 1976. Ph.D, Professor of automation department, Harbin Engineering University. Member of China Computer Federation. His primary interests include ad hoc network, network coding and wireless sensor network.

Deshen Yang, male, born in 1957. Professor of underwater acoustic engineering department, Harbin Engineering University. His primary interests include underwater acoustic channel, localization of underwater acoustic sensor network.

Jing Zhao, born in 1972. Ph.D, Professor of computer department, Harbin Engineering University. Member of China Computer Federation. His primary research interests include wireless sensor network, mobile computing and dependability computing.

Yunlong Zhao, born in 1975. Ph.D, Associate Professor of computer department, Harbin Engineering University. Member of China Computer Federation. His primary research interests include ad hoc networks, wireless sensor network, and Mesh network.

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