Using trust model to ensure reliable data acquisition in VANETs

doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.10.011

Ad Hoc Networks

Volume 55, February 2017, Pages 107-118

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2016.10.011 Get rights and content

Abstract

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) are usually used to reduce the traffic accidents, improve traffic efficiency and safety, promote commercial or infotainment products and etc. All the applications are based on the exchange of data among nodes, so not only reliable data delivery but also the authenticity and reliability of the data itself are prerequisite. For this purpose, a dynamic entity-centric trust model based on weight is firstly proposed according to the types of applications and the authority levels of nodes. The simulations results show that the trust model can enhance the security of the routing protocol GPSR with low delay and improve the success data delivery rate. On the basis of it, a simple data-centric trust model is constructed by employing the experiences and utility theory, which is simple enough to realize fast trust evaluation for the data in VANETs. The analyses show that it can reflect the data trustworthiness objectively and help vehicles to detect the false or bogus data.

Introduction

With the rapid development of networking, communication, embedded technology and automobile industry, more and more vehicles are equipped with smart devices or modules, GPS, Wi-Fi and other devices for value-added services, which make it possible to form Vehicular Ad Hoc Network(VANET) by vehicle to vehicle and vehicle to roadside unit communication. Since VANET can be used to reduce traffic accidents [1], improve traffic efficiency and safety and provide infotainment services as well by disseminating the related messages, it is thought to be one of the most important applications of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) and draws many attentions from researchers.

The open, dynamic and distributed natures make VANETs face many challenges [2], such as, dishonest forwarding, false message propagation and so on. Security issues are very serious and can't be solved by the existing security solutions [3], [4], [5], [6], which makes VANETs can't work efficiently. For one thing, all the applications are based on the exchange of data among entities [7] and the authenticity and reliability of data are of great importance. For the other, the peer data communication between nodes can affects data security directly. Trust is an efficient solution to address these problems [2]. A trust model is usually defined to help one node to evaluate the trustworthiness of the other node in the specific environment and can help a node to detect the dishonest or malicious nodes and false or bogus data. According to the evaluation object (data or entity), there are 2 major kinds of trust models in VANET, and they are entity-centric and data-centric [7]. The entity-centric trust models focus on evaluating the trustworthiness of vehicles to detect the dishonest and malicious nodes and ensure the reliable data delivery. And the data-centric trust model focus on evaluating the trustworthiness of the data reported by other vehicles to ensure the applications work securely and effectively. In addition, the entity trustworthiness [7], [8] and data trustworthiness [9] always interplay with each other.

Modeling trust in VANETs faces many challenges. Firstly, the high dynamic makes it hard for a vehicle to evaluate either the reliability of the receiving data in real time or the trustworthiness of a vehicle. Secondly, the acentric and open natures make it difficult to collect enough information about the vehicles to be evaluated and establish a long and steady relationship among vehicles [7]. Thirdly, for specific applications in the context of VANETs, it is crucial to associate trust with vehicles and the data that they may report [10]. In order to evaluate the trustworthiness in time and improve the security and effectiveness of the applications in VANETs, we refer to the existing research achievements on trust in VANETs and try to establish trust models both in data and nodes to secure data acquisition.

In this paper, we focus mainly on 2 issues in VANETs. One is the conflict between the dynamic and trust modeling. And the other is the interaction between the data quality and the entity trustworthiness. Efforts and contributions are made from 4 aspects: 1) A dynamic entity-centric trust model based on data and node weight is proposed for VANETs by correlating data kinds to node types and introducing dynamical coefficient to balance the direct trust and the recommend trust; 2) Simulation and detailed analysis are made to validate the proposed entity-centric trust model. The results show that it can improving the reliability of data delivery by resisting the black-hole attack and the selective forwarding attack at the cost of a little lowering the performance of the routing protocol; 3) A lightweight data-centric trust model is presented for VANETs by exploring the traffic experience and utility theory to synthesize the relations among data, its reporter, location and time, which is simple enough to realize fast or timely trust evaluation; 4) Theory analyses on the proposed data-centric trust model shows that it can reflect the data trustworthiness objectively and help vehicles to acquire reliable data.

In the rest of this paper, we review the related work on trust model for VANETs in Section 2. Section 3 provides the system model and the related assumptions. Section 4 gives a detail description of the dynamic entity-centric trust model. Section 5 makes simulation and analysis on the proposed entity-centric trust model. Section 6 establishes and analyzes of a simple data-centric trust model for VANETs. Finally, Section 7 draws a conclusion.

Section snippets

Related work

Currently, researches on trust in VANETs can be classified into three directions: they are entity-centric trust, data-centric trust and combined trust. In addition, for the sake of evaluating trust objectively, researchers also do some work on trust metric.

Models and assumptions

For the sake of description, the network model, application model and the security model used in this paper are illustrated as following.

The entity-centric trust model based on weight

Similar to the most existing entity-centric trust models [24], [25], the trust value in the proposed entity trust model is based on the direct trust and the recommendation. And unlike the existing entity-centric trust models, the notion of weight is introduced to describe the different types of applications and nodes so as to help evaluate the direct trust and recommendation objectively. At the same time, a dynamical instead of a static balance coefficient is used to leverage the direct trust

Simulation and analysis for entity-centric trust model

Since the entity-centric trust is the fundamental of the secure routing in VANETs, the proposed entity trust model based on weight will be validated in routing protocols. Among the numerous Ad Hoc routing protocols [26], [27], GPSR is based on the current location of nodes and closely related to trust, so the proposed trust model is applied in GPSR to construct a trust based GPSR (T-GPSR) for validation. Comparing with the original GPSR, T-GPSR just adds trust evaluation and increases the next

Data-centric trust model

In VANETs, since data dissemination is required to be as quick as possible, it further demands the data trustworthiness evaluation method or technique as simple as possible. For this purpose, we need to predefine or quantize the main experiential factors in advance. At the same time, we try to employ the utility theory to coordinate the effectiveness of the main factors in data trust establishment instead of using the existing complicated trust evaluation techniques [9], [15], [17].

For the sake

Conclusion

In order to acquire reliable data and make the applications work efficiently in the VANETs, a dynamic entity-centric trust model is firstly proposed on the basis of the applications catalogues and nodes authority levels. The proposed model can accommodate the dynamic environment in VANETs by introducing a dynamic adjustment factor α to balance the direct trust and recommendation. It is validated by being applied to the routing protocol GPSR and compared with I-GPSR and T-GPSR in three

Acknowledgments

This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61471035 and 61601129. It was jointly supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grant No. 06105031and Beijing Key Laboratory of Knowledge Engineering for Materials Science.

Xuanxia Yao received her B.S. degree from Jiangsu University, M.S. and Ph.D. degree from University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), China. She is an associate professor in School of Computer and Communication Engineering. Her current research interests include network security, Ad Hoc Networks, Internet of Things and cloud computing. She is the author of one book, more than 20 articles.

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Citation Excerpt :
In addition, most trust-based models use PFR to detect malicious behavior [27]. In some protocols, parameters such as the role of vehicles in the network have also been used to evaluate the trust value [22,28,17]. To evaluate trust in VANETs, other parameters such as cooperativeness, honesty, and responsibility have also been used [29].
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) consist of highly mobile and self-organized nodes that wirelessly communicate with one another and transmit a variety of information, some of which may be critical information. Due to the rapidly changing topology of VANETs and the high-speed mobility of the participating vehicles, the routing of packets in these networks is a challenging task. Moreover, the presence of malicious vehicles in VANETs makes the correct routing of packets more challenging. In this paper, we propose a trust-based geographic routing protocol for VANETs (TGRV) that limits the participation of malicious vehicles in routing. In TGRV, to select the next-hop, a sender not only considers the distance, speed, and direction of its neighbors but also evaluates their direct trust and recommendation trust. For this purpose, TGRV uses a monitoring system that allows each vehicle to monitor the correct packet forwarding rate of its next-hop. In this way, the vehicle updates its direct trust to the next-hop and retransmits the packets if the packets are lost. The vehicle also sends its observations of the next-hop to its neighbors with a push-based notification, and based on that, the neighbors can update their recommendation trust about the next-hop. The monitoring system applies distance prediction in a modified promiscuous mode to better estimate the correct packet forwarding rate of the next-hop. To enhance the accuracy of trust management, the trust values of interactions are reduced over time by using a decay factor. TGRV uses the number and trust of two-hop neighbors, which helps in selecting the next-hop that is in a more trusted zone. Our extensive simulations on OMNeT++ show that when the percentage of malicious vehicles in an urban scenario increases from 0 to 25%, the packet delivery ratio of TGRV decreases from 95.1 to 88.7%, which performs very well compared to the GPSR and PGRP protocols. Also, the end-to-end delay of TGRV increases from 3.79 to 7.07 s and the average hop count of TGRV increases from 6.7 to 9.9, which are significant increases compared to the other two protocols. These increases are acceptable because, in the other two protocols, there is no monitoring and retransmission, and the probability of packet delivery failure on longer routes is higher. The cost and security analysis also show that the memory, communication, and computational overheads of TGRV are acceptable, and TGRV is resistant and resilient to some important trust-based attacks.

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Xinlei Zhang is working in the software center of Bank of China currently. She received her Master's Degree in Computer Science from University of Science and Technology Beijing, China, in 2015. Her research interests include wireless sensor networks, vehicular networks, delay tolerant networks, distributed algorithms and routing protocols.

Huansheng Ning received the BS degree from Anhui University in 1996 and the PhD degree from Beihang University in 2001. He is a professor in the School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, China. His current research interests include Internet of Things, aviation security, electromagnetic sensing and computing. He has published more than 50 papers in journals, international conferences/workshops. He is a senior member of the IEEE

Pengjian Li received his B.S. degree in Computer Science and Technology from Qingdao Agricultural University in 2013. Now he is a Master candidate in School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing. His research interests include network security, intelligent network and intelligent communication.

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Using trust model to ensure reliable data acquisition in VANETs

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Related work

Models and assumptions

The entity-centric trust model based on weight

Simulation and analysis for entity-centric trust model

Data-centric trust model

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

J. Netw. Comput Appl.

Comput. Commun.

Comput Netw.

Microprocess. Microsyst.

Securing Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

J. Comput. Secur.

A recommendation based peer-to-peer trust model[J].

J. Software

A robust model for trusted routing in VANETs

J. Wuhan Univ.

Trust management in vehicular ad hoc network: a systematic review

EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw.

Intrusion-aware trust model for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Secur. Commun. Netw.

On data-centric trust establishment in ephemeral Ad Hoc Networks

IEEE INFOCOM.

Trust management for VANETs: challenges, desired properties and future directions

Int. J. Distrib. Syst. Technol.

Trusted GPSR protocol without reputation faking in VANET

J. China Univ. Posts Telecommun.