Characteristics analysis and suppression strategy of energy hole in wireless sensor networks
Introduction
The sensor nodes are usually distributed randomly in wireless sensor networks (WSN). In the process of multi-hop transmission, each node performs different functions, which will cause the imbalance in network energy consumption. The nodes closer to the sink node undertake the heavier forwarding tasks and consume more energy. It is more possible to become a dead node prematurely, so the data farther away from the sink node cannot be forwarded to the sink node. If there are several dead nodes in a certain area, it will produce energy hole. Once the energy hole appears in the network, the energy consumption of the surviving nodes in and around the energy hole will become faster and faster. The range of energy hole will become larger and larger, which will eventually lead to network paralysis. It greatly affects the network lifetime and increases the maintenance complexity of the network deployed in the complex environment.
Most of the existing energy hole suppression methods are considered from the perspective of energy consumption balance and lack the deep analysis of the characteristics and development trend of energy hole. In order to solve this problem, this paper firstly analyzes the development state of energy hole in detail and constructs an energy topography model that reflects the different development states of the energy hole. Some new concepts are proposed, such as node energy surfaces, energy troughs, quasi-energy hole, energy hole, independent energy hole, fusion energy hole, and hole edge domains. The model can help to obtain the energy consumption trend of nodes in different states of energy hole, including the energy consumption speed of a certain node. The indicators such as the dispersion of dead nodes, the average distance between dead nodes, and the average residual energy are also proposed to measure the dispersion degree of dead nodes. Through these indicators, we can clearly understand the distribution of dead nodes and the state of energy hole in each round. It gives us a very clear understanding, and also provides real-time status monitoring for the subsequent proposed corresponding suppression methods. Besides, based on the characteristics of energy hole, it proposes an Energy Hole Suppression Routing Algorithm (EHSRA) based on the changes in the state of energy hole in each round. It includes the cluster head election algorithm, the scheduling strategy for node transmission in a cluster, and the data transmission strategy. The proposed suppression strategy can achieve a dynamic suppression effect and more targeted suppression of the occurrence time and expansion speed of energy hole. If the energy hole can be suppressed successfully, the surviving nodes in WSN will not undertake too much the original forwarding task of the dead node, and the energy consumption speed of the surviving nodes will be relatively balanced. In this situation, the dead nodes are discretized, and the scope of the network failure area is suppressed, which will greatly extend the network lifetime. It not only improves the energy utilization rate but also achieves the purpose of energy consumption balance. Therefore, it is extremely necessary to study the energy hole suppression method.
Section snippets
Related works
In the current research on energy hole suppression strategies for WSN, researchers mainly aim at energy consumption balance to suppress the generation of energy hole. The related strategies are mainly divided into energy hole suppression strategy based on energy-saving routing technology, node coverage optimization technology, transmission range adjustment technology, optimized node scheduling technology, and data processing technology.
- (1)
Energy hole suppression strategy based on energy-saving
Analysis of energy hole characteristics
In order to analyze the distribution and quantity changes of dead nodes and surviving nodes, obtain the key factors affecting the rapid expansion of energy hole, an energy topography model reflecting the different development states of the energy hole is constructed. We propose a series of basic definitions related to the energy hole, including node energy surface, energy trough, quasi-energy hole, energy hole, independent energy hole, fusion energy hole, hole edge domain, and the dispersion of
Cluster head election method for suppressing energy hole
Cluster head election is not only related to its residual energy but also related to its energy consumption speed. If the energy consumption of the node is too fast, it should avoid to become cluster head. Moreover, cluster head election is related to the distribution density of the nodes. The ideal cluster heads should fall in an area with high density. In addition, cluster head election is also related to the distance to the base station. Taking the base station as the reference, the election
Simulation analysis of EHSRA algorithm
In order to verify the feasibility and correctness of the proposed EHSRA algorithm, the NS2 platform is used for simulation verification in the Linux environment. During the simulation, 100 nodes are randomly distributed in the 100 × 100m2square distribution area, and all sensor nodes have the same initial energy Emax = 2J. The simulation analysis includes the time when the first dead node appears and the network lifetime, the total energy consumption of the network, the number and size of
Conclusion
This paper focuses on the analysis of energy hole characteristics and suppression strategy for WSN. An energy topography model that can reflect the different development states of energy hole is constructed. And it proposes a series of basic definitions related to energy hole, including node energy surface, energy trough, quasi energy hole, energy hole, independent energy hole, fusion energy hole, hole edge domain, and the dispersion of the dead node. In the process of cluster head election,
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgment
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.61501106), Science and Technology Foundation of Jilin Province (No. 20180101039JC).
Jianpo Li received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the Department of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, China, in 2002, 2005, and 2008, respectively. In 2008, he joined the School of Computer Science, Northeast Electric Power University (NEEPU). He was a visiting scholar with New York University in 2013 and University of Ottawa in 2016. Now he is the full professor and Vice-dean of the School of Computer Science, NEEPU. He has published more than 70 research papers, and has 16 patents.
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Jianpo Li received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. from the Department of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, China, in 2002, 2005, and 2008, respectively. In 2008, he joined the School of Computer Science, Northeast Electric Power University (NEEPU). He was a visiting scholar with New York University in 2013 and University of Ottawa in 2016. Now he is the full professor and Vice-dean of the School of Computer Science, NEEPU. He has published more than 70 research papers, and has 16 patents. His research interests focus on wireless sensor networks, intelligent signal processing, 5G, wireless power transmission 
Qing Han was born in China in 1995. She received her B.S. from the College of Humanities and Sciences of Northeast Normal University. She is currently pursuing her MS in Northeast Electric Power University. Her main research interest is wireless sensor networks 
Wenting Wang received her B.S., and M.S. from the Department of Information Security Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, China, in 2011, and 2015, respectively. In 2015, she joined the State Grid Shandong Electric Power Research Institute, where she is currently a senior engineer. Her research interests are electronic engineering, information security, network security, data security, and cryptography 