Computational methods for solving the steady flow of a third grade fluid in a porous half space
Introduction
During the past few decades, a lot of attention has been devoted to the study of non-Newtonian fluids because of their practical importance in engineering and industry. Such fluids occur in blood, tomato ketchup, honey, certain oils and greases, mud, paints, plastics and polymer solutions [1], [2]. The governing equations for these fluids are more non-linear and higher order than those of Newtonian fluids [3], [4], [5], [6]. In addition, analytic solutions of the most equations involving non-Newtonian fluids cannot be obtained explicitly [3], [7], [8]. So, numerical solution of these equations is of practical importance. The steady state flow of a third grade fluid in a porous half space can be modeled by the following nonlinear boundary value problem [9] Where
Here, μ is the dynamic viscosity, ρ is the fluid density, is the kinematic viscosity, u represents the fluid velocity, k and φ, respectively represent the permeability and porosity of the porous half space which occupies the region y > 0. Also and β is material constants. Note that, .
Different techniques have been used to obtain analytical and numerical solutions for this problem. In [9] homotopy analysis method is applied to solve second-order nonlinear boundary value problem (1)–(2). Ahmad in [10] gave the asymptotic form of the solution and utilized this information to develop a series solution. Also, a collocation method based on radial basis functions is presented by Kazem et al. [11]. Moreover, authors of [12] solved this problem using the collocation method based on modified generalized Laguerre functions. Recently, authors in [13] solved this problem by Tau method. In Tau method they applied the operational matrices of derivative and product of rational and exponential Legendre functions together to reduce the solution of this problem to the solution of a system of algebraic equations.
The main purpose of the present paper is to develop rational Legendre collocation(RLC) method and Chebyshev finite difference (ChFD) method for numerical solution of this problem. Our approach consists of reducing the problem to a set of algebraic equations by expanding f(z) in terms of either rational Legendre functions or Chebyshev polynomials with unknown coefficients. It is known that the rational Legendre functions are a complete spectral basis for the semi-infinite interval [14], [15], [16]. These functions play an important role in recent research works for solving various kinds of problems in semi-infinite interval. Authors of [15] applied a spectral scheme using these orthogonal functions for solving the Korteweg-de Vries equation on the half line. Also, Parand et al. [17], [18], [19] and Tajvidi et al. [20] applied rational Legendre and Chebyshev functions with tau and collocation method to solve nonlinear ordinary differential equations on semi-infinite intervals. For more research works on the rational Legendre functions, we refer the interested reader to [16], and the references therein.
Moreover, ChFD method is a nice and powerful approach for numerical solution of linear and nonlinear differential equations. In ChFD method we used Chebyshev expansions to approximate f(z) and employed the Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto points as the interpolating points [21], [22]. The Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto points have explicit forms and can be obtained easily. This method can be regarded as a non-uniform finite difference scheme and is more accurate in comparison to the finite difference method [21]. Over the last two decades, ChFD method has been successfully used to solve a wide variety of problems. This method has been extended to handle a system of second-order boundary value problems [23], problems in calculus of variation [24], a problem arising from chemical reactor theory [25], Fredholm integro-differential equation [26], the problem of heat transfer to MHD flow of a micropolar fluid [27], boundary value problems [21] and heat transfer problem [22].
The rest of the current paper is categorized as follows: In the next section, we give details of implementation of RLC method. In Section 3, we describe ChFD method. In Section 4, some numerical results are given to clarify the RLC and ChFD methods. Also, we compare our achievements with existing results in the literature and show how accurate our results are. Section 5 is devoted to conclusions.
Section snippets
Rational Legendre functions
The rational Legendre function of degree n, with the map parameter L > 0, is defined by [14], [16] in which, Pn(x) is nth Legendre polynomial. In fact, this transformation is chosen such that it maps the finite interval onto . Boyd [14], [28] presented some algebraic maps for every fixed L. Rational Legendre functions satisfy the recurrence relation: Also, Rn(x) is the nth eigenfunction of the
Chebyshev finite difference method
Let be the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind of degree n. Then the well known Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto points are given by [30] these grid (interpolation) points, are viewed as the zeros of where is the first derivative of Tn(t). Clenshaw and Curtis [30] introduced the following approximation of the function f(t) denoted by PNf(t) Here ∑′′ denotes a sum with both the
Results and discussion
Here, we report the results of our numerical calculations using RLC and ChFD methods for solving problem (1)–(2). We use particular values of and . For such values for the parameters, the following expressions are obtained by Ahmad [10]
Also, in this problem the numerical solution of f′(0) is important. Ahmad [10] obtained this value by the shooting method and founded, correct to six decimal positions,
Conclusion
In this study, the RLC and ChFD methods are employed to construct an approximation to the solution of the steady flow of the third grade fluid in a porous half space. Properties of the RLC and ChFD methods are utilized to reduce the computation of this problem to some algebraic equations. The good agreement between the results of both numerical methods, together with an excellent agreement with those obtained in [10], [11], [12], ensures the reliability of the results obtained. In this problem,
Acknowledgment
A. Saadatmandi would like to acknowledge the University of Kashan for support of this research by a grant (No. 159026).
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