PSP net-based automatic segmentation network model for prostate magnetic resonance imaging
Introduction
The prostate located between the bladder and the urogenital diaphragm and surrounds the root of the urethra. Its shape and size are similar to those of a flat chestnut [1], [2], [3], [4]. With the continuous enhancement of people's living and changes in living habits, the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer have also increased year by year. Statistics from the National Cancer Institute of the United States in 2018 show that 16,490 new prostate cancer patients are expected in 2018, the highest proportion of all male cancers [5]. The data shows that the incidence of prostate cancer [6], [7] is increasing year by year, and it has become the second largest male cancer after lung cancer.
At present, the examination methods for prostate cancer include digital rectal examination [8,9], needle biopsy [10,11], Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) examination [12,13], Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) [14,15], Computed Tomography (CT) [16,17] and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) [18,19]. MRI is currently the most effective method for diagnosing prostate cancer. Not only can it clearly show that the prostate tumor invades other tissues, but it can also observe the lesion from multiple angles and clearly show the shape of the pelvic bones. Compared with other imaging methods, MRI can effectively help doctors determine the location of prostate cancer, enable doctors to accurately radiotherapy prostate cancer lesions, and effectively avoid damage to other healthy tissues.
In recent years, convolutional neural network (CNN) has made a major breakthrough, constantly improving the accuracy of medical image segmentation. In the field of prostate image segmentation, milletari [20] et al. A 3D version of U-Net v-net is proposed and applied to prostate MRI segmentation for the first time.
Yu [21] et al. proposed three-dimensional neural network architecture with mixed residual connections for prostate MRI segmentation. The architecture effectively utilizes the feature multiplexing characteristics of the residual module and the long-short jump connection, and directly improves the segmentation accuracy of the prostate area at the three-dimensional level. Tian [22] et al. adopted an optimized FCN structure and achieved good prostate segmentation results. Zhu [23] and others proposed a bidirectional recursive deep neural network for MRI prostate image segmentation. In addition to using embedded context features, this method also processes prostate slices as a data sequence and uses gap context to assist segmentation.
Traditional methods have solved the problem of prostate MRI segmentation to a certain extent. However, due to the great variability of prostate tissue in prostate contour, size and shape, and the interference of surrounding tissue and imaging artifacts, automatic segmentation of prostate MRI is still a huge challenge. In our research, we deeply studied CNN algorithm, and proposed a prostate MRI segmentation model based on PSP net.
Section snippets
1.1 Overview of PSP Net model
Deep learning was proposed by Hinton Equals in 2006 [24]. It is a field of machine learning. Its purpose is to learn data features by constructing a network model containing multiple hidden layers and training a large amount of data to improve classification or prediction. The network model used in this study is the PSP Net model, and the discriminant model of prostate cancer is established by fine-tuning the model framework Fig. 1.
Calculation process
Taking the first convolutional layer as an example, the
Enhanced results
The detailed results are shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the contrast between the prostate tissue and the surrounding tissues in the original MRI is low, and the dynamic range of the gray scale is small. After the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) is changed, the contrast between the prostate tissue and the surrounding tissues is enhanced, and the gray range of the image is enlarged, the details in the image are clearer, and there is no phenomenon such as blurring
Discussion
Prostate tissue segmentation is a basic task for computer-assisted doctors to diagnose the condition, and it is also one of the tasks with strong challenges and potential research value in the field of medical image processing [29], [30], [31]. Before confirming the patient's condition, the doctor needs to accurately segment the patient's prostate tissue area to determine the degree of disease. Prostate image segmentation has great potential value in the field of medical assisted diagnosis.
Conclusion
Artificial intelligence technology based on deep learning has achieved rapid development in recent years, especially convolutional neural networks for images, which have now played an important role in computer-aided diagnosis systems. Multi-parameter magnetic resonance imaging has the characteristics of multiple dimensions and multiple complexity. It takes a long time for doctors to read the film. At the same time, the accuracy of diagnosis is also very dependent on the experience of
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgment
Special appreciation is extended to radiologists of the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University of Guangzhou for their help in imaging the prostate based on the patients they collected.
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