Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation
Differentiability of type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions
Introduction
Following the introduction of conventional Fuzzy Sets [FSs] in 1965 – presently known as Type-1 Fuzzy Sets [T1FSs] – Zadeh presented a more general concept under the title “Type-2 Fuzzy Sets” [T2FSs] in 1975 [1]. By definition, T2FS is a set in which membership grades are a T1FS each. As a matter of fact, a T2FS includes not only data uncertainty, but also how the Membership Function [MF] uncertainty is presented. As a way of illustration, suppose a number of people are asked about the temperature of the room where they are present. All the subjects mention “approximately 70° Fahrenheit”. Nonetheless, if each individual subject is asked to show the “approximately 70° Fahrenheit MF”, different MFs are likely to be presented, even if the MFs are all of the same kind (e.g., triangular). This implies the statement that “Words can mean different things to different people” [2]. Accordingly, T2FSs prove helpful in cases where an exact form of an MF cannot be determined.
Thanks to the uncertainty in modeling many dynamic systems, using FSs as an effective tool has attracted much attention. The question that arises here is what type of FS is a better alternative in modeling. This might not sound an easy question to answer, depending on different problem conditions. On the one hand, in spite of the fact that some useful modeling and applications applying T1FSs have been achieved (see e.g., [3], [4], [5], [6]), T1FSs have limited the capability to directly model and minimize the effect of data uncertainty [2]. On the other hand, there are so many problems, like the mentioned room temperature case, in which the exact form of MFs cannot be determined. It follows that T2FSs had better be applied which means higher costs that are involved, namely more complexity and computation. Let then, the selection of the appropriate type of FSs be eventually left to the decision makers.
Since the modeling of quite a few dynamic systems could be done using differential equations, and because naturally there is uncertainty in data and/or parameters, for considering the existing uncertainty, examining differential equations based on FSs – Fuzzy Differential Equations [FDEs] – seems quite essential. As a result, in recent years, FDEs have been widely investigated worldwide.
To define an FDE, the differentiability of the fuzzy function should be initially defined. The concept of fuzzy derivative first introduced by Zadeh and Chang [7] in 1972. Since then, numerous definitions of the differentiability of fuzzy functions have been presented. Among these, the Hukuhara differentiability [H-differentiability] and the strongly generalized differentiability [8], [9], have attracted more attention. Therefore, in recent literature, many papers about FDEs are found using H-differentiability and the strongly generalized differentiability (see e.g., [10], [11]).
Because the definitions of the differentiability of fuzzy functions have been done based T1FSs, this paper aims at defining the differentiability of fuzzy functions based on T2FSs. To the best of our knowledge, the present work is the first time in the literature that the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions and the differential equations relevant to the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions are considered.
Let differential equations that are defined based on T1FSs be named Type-1 Fuzzy Differential Equations [T1FDEs], and differential equations that are defined based on T2FSs be named Type-2 Fuzzy Differential Equations [T2FDEs].
In this paper, we first defined the Hukuhara difference [H-difference] based on perfect Type-2 Fuzzy Numbers [T2FNs] defined by Hamrawi and Coupland [12], [13], and then, using the representation, we proved that the Type-2 Hukuhara difference [-difference] reduces to H-difference. Then, triangular perfect Quasi Type-2 Fuzzy Numbers [QT2FNs] [12] are presented in a parametric closed form. Using a distance metric between T2FSs [14] and the perfect T2FNs, metric space was formed. Above all, we define the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions based on -difference, and derive a theorem related to the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions. Eventually, the applicability and an approach to solving T2FDEs are illustrated using two examples and cases.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 gives some basic concepts and definitions. Section 3, contains definitions of T2FNs and the parametric closed form of the triangular perfect QT2FNs. In Section 4, -difference and the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions are defined, and the related theorems are derived. Section 5 presents some examples and cases of T2FDEs in modeling and shows how to obtain their solutions. Consequently, conclusions are discussed in Section 6.
Section snippets
Basic concepts
Throughout this paper, the set of all real numbers is denoted by , the set of all Type-1 Fuzzy Numbers [T1FNs] on by and the set of all perfect T2FNs on by . The of a fuzzy set A is denoted by . Definition 2.1 A type-1 fuzzy set is a T1FN if it satisfies the following requirements: is normal i.e., for which . is fuzzy convex i.e., . is the support of the , and its closure is compact. is upper
Type-2 fuzzy numbers
A fuzzy set is a fuzzy number if and only if: 1. it reduces to a crisp number or an interval number when all of the uncertainties about it vanish, and 2. we can perform meaningful arithmetic operations such as methods from interval analysis on the fuzzy set [13], [20], [21]. A fuzzy set has the features 1 and 2 if it is normal and convex respectively. Definition 3.1 A T2FS, , is called a perfect T2FN if the following conditions are satisfied: UMF and LMF of are T1FNs themselves, UMF and LMF of PS of [12], [13]
Differentials of type-2 fuzzy functions
In this section, we define the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued functions whose definition is similar to that of the strongly generalized differentiability [9]. Definition 4.1 Let , if there exists a such that , then is called type-2 Hukuhara difference [-difference] of and ; denoted by . Theorem 4.1 If , then the of the -difference is of LMF and UMF of . Proof Suppose that the -difference is . Then , and using
Examples
This section presents some examples and cases of the type-2 fuzzy differential equations with mention of their applications in real world. It should be noted, for the sake of simplicity, we consider the triangular perfect QT2FNs in the examples. Example 5.1 Let be the temperature of a known object at time t and the temperature of its surrounding (ambient). Based on Newton’s law of cooling, we have:where is a known constant and is the initial temperature. is
Conclusions
As mentioned in this paper, in case, in addition to data, the membership function itself is uncertain, T2FSs are a better alternative. T1FSs and T2FSs differ in that, in a T1FS, a mix of different individuals’ experience (experts and/or lower-level experts) is presented in the form of one single type-1 fuzzy membership function, whereas a T2FS unites all of the individuals’ experience. The present paper’s main objective is to define the differentiability of the type-2 fuzzy number-valued
Acknowledgement
The authors are truly appreciative of the kind and patient support of Mr. Mohammad Javad Gholami ([email protected]) with the careful translation, edition and linguistic contribution throughout preparation of the paper.
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