A survey of survivability in multi-domain optical networks

doi:10.1016/j.comcom.2010.02.003

Computer Communications

Volume 33, Issue 8, 17 May 2010, Pages 1005-1012

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2010.02.003 Get rights and content

Abstract

Network survivability is becoming an important issue and a topical subject in WDM optical mesh networks. Many works have studied network survivability. However, few works have focused on survivability in multi-domain optical networks. This paper reviews the literature on survivability against failures in multi-domain optical networks. The main objective of this study is to evaluate and analyze existing solutions and to compare their performance in terms of different criteria: resource utilization, ratio of rejected connections and recovery time.

Introduction

The development of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) technologies has increased enormously the transmission capacity of optical networks. However, any failure in the network can result in huge data loss and a lot of traffic being blocked. For this reason, operators must incorporate survivability considerations during the network design process. Survivability means that the network has the ability to maintain an acceptable level of service even after a failure within the network. This requirement becomes more critical as the size and usage of networks increase.

The literature offers a wide range of protection mechanisms against various types of failure [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]. However these works are generally addressed at single-domain protection, because they assume that each node in the network has complete vision of the physical topology of the entire network. Such an assumption is not realistic in the case of large networks like multi-domain networks. A multi-domain network is a network composed of several single-domain networks, interconnected by inter-domain links. Each single-domain can be regarded as an independent network that has its own local rules of operation and management to provide services [4]. Due to scalability constraints and domain management policies, the internal topological details of a domain are usually not shared externally. As a result, no node in a multi-domain network can have complete information on the multi-domain network. For instance, complete information would correspond to the detailed states of wavelength usage on each link of the multi-domain optical network. Thus, the protection of multi-domain networks is more difficult than that of single-domain networks.

Although survivability in multi-domain optical networks is very important, only a few studies have been proposed in the literature. In this paper, we first introduce general concepts and elements related to survivability. We then survey current research on survivability in multi-domain optical networks, discussing their capabilities and performance. Many of these proposals are designed to handle the most frequent failure in optical networks, which is a single link/node failure. Moreover, these works have been proposed for protecting connections at the light-path level. Basically, all these works try to find a trade-off between different concurrent goals: efficient use of backup resources and fast recovery time. To evaluate these works, we have considered different comparison criteria: resource utilization, recovery time and ratio of rejected connection.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sections 2 Survivability in WDM optical networks, 3 Characteristics of multi-domain networks, we present some concepts on survivability in WDM networks and elements related to multi-domain optical networks. In Section 4, we describe the main solutions proposed in the literature addressed at survivability in multi-domain networks, we also analyze the advantages and drawbacks of each solution. The numerical results and conclusion are presented in Sections 5 Analysis and simulation results, 6 Conclusion.

Section snippets

Survivability in WDM optical networks

Networks are subject to a number of component failures, such as links, nodes and wavelength channels . A single network failure may seriously damage end-user applications and interrupt network services. Therefore, it is imperative to incorporate survivability mechanisms in the network to guarantee network services.

Survivability can be provided on different layers of the network [24], such as the IP, MPLS, SONET/SDH and WDM layers. Although each of the higher layers may have its own recovery

Network model

A multi-domain optical network composed of M connected domains can be represented by a graph $G = (D_{i}, E)$ for $i = 1, 2, \dots, M$ , where $D_{i}$ and E represent, respectively, the graph of domain number i and the set of inter-domain links (links that connect two border nodes in different domains). The domain i is denoted as $D_{i} = ({GN}_{i}, {IN}_{i}, {IL}_{i}) (1 ⩽ i ⩽ M)$ , where ${GN}_{i}, {IN}_{i}$ and ${IL}_{i}$ represent the set of border nodes, the set of interior nodes and the set of intra-domain links in domain i, respectively. An intra-domain link

State-of-the-art

This section reviews the various solutions proposed to solve the challenges of survivability in multi-domain optical networks. Moreover, this section analyzes these solutions and shows their advantages and disadvantages.

Simulation model

In this section, we present a qualitative and quantitative evaluation in order to compare the performance of the various solutions described. First, we make a quantitative comparison between the solutions which consider a generic model of multi-domain network topology (topology composed of domains interconnected via inter-domain links) and dynamic traffic (ESPP, LSSP, ELSSP and SSPP).

The solutions which have a particular network such as RSM, SPSFR and LBDDR are not considered in this

Conclusion

In this paper, we have addressed survivability in multi-domain optical networks. The main objective of this study is to survey and analyze the various existing solutions proposed for survivability in multi-domain optical networks. Among the solutions presented, a few (SPSFR, LBDDR) assume that the domains are connected directly together at border nodes. Some (LSSP, ELSSP) do not consider the protection of inter-domain links or border nodes in their proposal. According to this study, we can see

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Survivability is a key design issue in optical networks due to the huge loss of data and revenue once a failure occurs. For multi-domain optical networks, many existing survivability studies have focused on survivability issues under various conditions [1]. In general, these studies can be classified along the traditional lines of pre-configured protection and post-fault restoration.
This paper proposes an optimization approach for survivable lightpath provisioning that allows traffic splitting in multi-domain optical networks to minimize the cumulative cost of a set of paths. The proposed approach, called two-phase hierarchical optimization, employs an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation based on hierarchical path computation with full-mesh topology abstraction. There are two phases in the approach. The first phase solves the ILP problem on an inter-domain topology and then feeds the results as intra-domain requests. The second phase solves the ILP problem in each related domain. Finally, we concatenate all the intra-domain solutions along routing sequences. Three different protection strategies, namely same domain sequence (SDS), link disjoint (LD), and domain disjoint (DD) are considered with varying degrees of primary and backup route separation. Furthermore, we evaluate our approach from two points: the effect of traffic demands and the effect of link capacity. The results show that the LD strategy gives notably better performance than the other strategies in both points.
An efficient mechanism for dynamic survivable multicast traffic grooming
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While restoration is reactive with efficient resource utilization, protection is proactive and recovers more quickly after the failures. In high-speed WDM backbone networks, protection is usually regarded as a more favorable option as it guarantees full recovery and faster restoration speed [12]. A number of multicast protection mechanisms have been proposed in literature [13–19].
Recent advances in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks have helped enhance the popularity of multicasting services. However, as a single network failure may disrupt the information transmission to multiple end-users, protecting multicast requests against network failures becomes an important issue in network operation. This paper investigates the sub-wavelength level protection for dynamic multicast traffic grooming. A new method named lightpath-fragmentation based segment shared protection (LF-SSP) scheme is proposed. By carefully splitting primary/backup lightpaths into segments to improve resource sharing for both traffic grooming and protection, LF-SSP aims to minimize the network resources allocated for request protection. Extensive simulations are carried out to compare the performance of LF-SSP to some existing approaches, on sub-wavelength-level as well as wavelength-level multicast protections in different cases. Results show that LF-SSP steadily outperforms these existing methods as long as the network resources are not too limited. Influences of the add/drop port resources and the average number of destinations per connection request on the LF-SSP performance are also evaluated.
A novel Topology Aggregation approach for shared protection in multi-domain networks
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Routing for shared protection in multi-domain networks is more difficult than that in single-domain networks because of the scalability requirements. We propose a novel approach for shared protection routing in multi-domain networks where the key feature is a special Topology Aggregation. In this Topology Aggregation, only some potential intra-domain paths (intra-paths for short) are selected for carrying working and backup traffic between domain border nodes. The abstraction of each intra-path to a virtual edge makes the original multi-domain network to become an aggregated network. On the aggregated network, a single-domain routing algorithm for shared protection can be applied for obtaining the complete routing solutions. The experiments show that the proposed approach is scalable. Moreover it is close to the optimal solution in single-domain networks and outperforms the previously proposed scalable solutions in multi-domain networks.
Multicast protection algorithms based on aggregated logical topology in survivable multi-domain optical networks
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Therefore, the inter-domain routing in multi-domain networks is based on the aggregated multi-domain logical topology [4]. Since the information in multi-domain logical topology is not full, the survivability in multi-domain optical networks is more challenging than that in single-domain optical networks [5]. Based on multi-domain logical topology, current works have proposed several protection algorithms, such as local segment shared protection algorithm [6], inter-domain end-to-end protection algorithm [7], graph partition protection algorithm [8], domain-by-domain protection algorithm [9], and so on.
Since the optical network carries a lot of traffic, the survivability is an important issue to ensure the service continuity. At the same time, with the network scale increasing, the optical network has been divided into multi-domains each of which is managed by a unique network provider. Therefore, the survivability in multi-domain optical networks has got more attention in recent years. However, current works mostly addressed the unicast survivability and few or no solved the multicast survivability in multi-domain optical networks. Therefore, in this paper we propose two heuristic algorithms called Multicast Multi-domain Dedicated Protection (MMDP) and Multicast Multi-domain Shared Protection (MMSP) to provide the survivability in multicast multi-domain optical networks. In MMDP and MMSP, to provide the intra-domain protection, we use the modified Minimal-cost Path Heuristic (MPH) algorithm to compute the intra-domain survivable multicast tree. To provide the inter-domain protection, based on multi-domain logical topology, we firstly use the MPH algorithm to compute the inter-domain logical multicast tree and then use the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the inter-domain logical backup sub-path for each inter-link on this logical multicast tree. Simulation results show that MMSP has better resource utilization efficiency and lower blocking probability.
Hybrid protection algorithms based on game theory in multi-domain optical networks
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At the same time, with the network size increasing, the current optical backbone actually is divided into multiple domains and each domain has its own network operator and management policy for independent routing and failure recovery. Since the development of multi-domain optical networks is the trend of next-generation intelligent optical networks, the survivability in multi-domain optical networks becomes an important and challenging issue [7,8]. Compared to single-domain network, the survivability in multi-domain network is more difficult since the network information of multi-domains is not accurate for searching the primary and backup resources.
With the network size increasing, the optical backbone is divided into multiple domains and each domain has its own network operator and management policy. At the same time, the failures in optical network may lead to a huge data loss since each wavelength carries a lot of traffic. Therefore, the survivability in multi-domain optical network is very important. However, existing survivable algorithms can achieve only the unilateral optimization for profit of either users or network operators. Then, they cannot well find the double-win optimal solution with considering economic factors for both users and network operators. Thus, in this paper we develop the multi-domain network model with involving multiple Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. After presenting the link evaluation approach based on fuzzy mathematics, we propose the game model to find the optimal solution to maximize the user’s utility, the network operator’s utility, and the joint utility of user and network operator. Since the problem of finding double-win optimal solution is NP-complete, we propose two new hybrid protection algorithms, Intra-domain Sub-path Protection (ISP) algorithm and Inter-domain End-to-end Protection (IEP) algorithm. In ISP and IEP, the hybrid protection means that the intelligent algorithm based on Bacterial Colony Optimization (BCO) and the heuristic algorithm are used to solve the survivability in intra-domain routing and inter-domain routing, respectively. Simulation results show that ISP and IEP have the similar comprehensive utility. In addition, ISP has better resource utilization efficiency, lower blocking probability, and higher network operator’s utility, while IEP has better user’s utility.
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¹: Principal corresponding author.

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A survey of survivability in multi-domain optical networks

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Survivability in WDM optical networks

Network model

State-of-the-art

Simulation model

Conclusion

Computer Communications

International Journal of Electronics and Communications

International Journal of Optical Fiber Technology

Computer Networks Journal

Computer Communications

Subpath protection for scalability and fast recovery in optical WDM mesh networks

Journal on Selected Areas in Communications

Dynamic routing for shared path protection in multi-domain optical mesh networks

Journal of Optical Networking

p-Cycle protection in multi-domain optical networks

Photonic Network Communications