Elsevier

Computer Communications

Volume 176, 1 August 2021, Pages 207-217
Computer Communications

Secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture with emerging technology IoT

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2021.06.003Get rights and content

Abstract

With the advent of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), it is considered to be one of the latest innovations that offer interesting opportunities for different vertical industries. One of the most relevant IoT technology areas is smart construction. IoT operates in several sectors on a daily basis; implementation includes smart building, smart grids, smart cities, smart houses, physical defense, e-health, asset, and transportation management, but it is not restricted to this. Support from smart IoT buildings is an IoT-level, connected, and cost-effective system. Commercial space has major requirements in terms of comfort, accessibility, security, and energy management. Such requirements can be served organically by IoT-based systems. As the supply of energy has been exhausted and energy demand has risen, there has been a growing focus on energy usage and the maintenance of buildings. With the use of evolving IoT technology, we present a secure and energy-efficient smart building architecture. Every device is known by its unique address, and one of the key web transfer protocols is the Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). It is an application layer protocol that does not use protected channels for data transfer. Automatic key management, confidentiality, authentication, and data integrity are all features of the Datagram Transport Layer Protection (DTLS). To achieve energy efficiency, we propose a smart construction architecture that, through IoT, manages the performance of all technological systems. The results of the simulation show that the energy consumption is lowered by about 30.86% with the use of the CoAP in the smart building, which is less than the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport case (MQTT). This paper also aims to observe how to integrate the DTLS protocol with the Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-256) using optimizations from the Certificate Authority (CA) to improve security.

Introduction

The increasing interest in intelligent buildings, as well as the pace of innovation in this field, has triggered several research to implement various types of applications such as energy management, build management simplification, resident comfort improvement, reactive alarm management, personal security, asset protection, intruder event management, and so on. The increase in security vulnerabilities as a result of interactions between cyber and physical entities has shifted the focus of this research [1]. The availability of IoTs in commercial buildings enables building occupants and climate to be tracked in real-time. Thus, we can access occupancy numbers in real-time and also identify several people holding a wireless gadget in different regions of the house [2]. The savvy building frameworks of things to come will, for instance, alter its vitality use by cleverly controlling the Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) and react rapidly to potential issues that could push the structure of its course towards carbon neutrality [3]. Big Data (BD) is another idea that clarifies the gigantic volume of information that all these interconnected frameworks produce. The related advances of IoT and BD can likewise be spoken to and ought to be manufactured together [4]. Information communicated is controlled and breaks down in the cloud world. This most recent innovation for Cloud Computing (CC) or simply cloud gives improved capacity, cost-viability, adaptability, accessibility, effectiveness, toughness, and dependability [5]. Furthermore, thanks to BD technology for better user expert automation, vast data generated by connected devices and sensors can also be made into operable insights and predictions [6]. Many IoT systems and platforms are now being developed to design and deploy IoT applications (see Fig. 1).

The remarkable recent developments in IoT with BD technology have provided the opportunity to broadly deploy tiny sensors for wireless communication for various applications like smart buildings, smart cities, smart healthcare, and the smart industry. In light of the increasing number of projects and innovations addressing this issue, the need for systematic characterization of energy use in buildings has gained attention. Since buildings with different functionalities have different energy use profiles, and initial characterization of the major contributors to their energy use is needed. For example, energy consumption in residential buildings is primarily due to the indoor services given to their occupants (associated with comfort), while energy consumption in industrial buildings is primarily due to the operation of industrial machinery and infrastructures dedicated to production processes. In this context, the integration and advancement of systems focused on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and, more precisely, IoT are vital enablers of a wide variety of applications for both industries and the general public, assisting in the realization of smart buildings [7]. IoT enables smart things to communicate with each other as well as the efficient incorporation of real-world data and knowledge into the digital world. Smart devices with sensing and interaction capabilities, as well as recognition technologies, make it possible to collect far more knowledge about the real world than ever before.

MQTT and CoAP are two of the most promising protocols for small devices. MQTT and CoAP are both open standards that work better in constrained environments than HTTP. Both provide asynchronous communication mechanisms. IP-based and with a variety of implementations MQTT allows for a variety of communication patterns and functions solely as a binary data pipe. CoAP was created with web interoperability in mind. CoAP is being scrutinized in terms of protection because there are many problems and debates. Even though it is a modern protocol, it must be compressed and run at low power. The most difficult challenge is to maintain high performance while maintaining security and providing defense [8]. To clarify, DTLS is the official and custom application layer security protocol that can be used to provide security in CoAP, but it comes with its own set of limitations and problems, including broad message and handshake compression, and the fact that DTLS is incompatible with the CoAP proxy mode. According to a review, there is a problem with end-to-end communication because, in certain cases, an HTTP client needs to access resources from a CoAP server.

Finally, data transmission security between IoT devices refers to the prevention of unauthorized access to the IoT network. To counter these dangers, architectures have been developed [9]. As a result, a technical architecture is proposed to address those risks, namely a design that ensures scalability, application compatibility, and data transfer protection. To accomplish this, three-layer technical architectures were studied, a design was developed, and it was validated through expert judgment. In this paper, the integration of the CoAP protocol with IoT is used to minimize the power consumption of IoT devices with DTLS security. The motivation behind this contribution is that in critical situations, IoT devices can effectively provide less power consumption, deliver highly secure information, and low-cost solutions to the IoT network for smart building. This paper’s contribution can be summarized as follows:

  • 1.

    Discussing recent papers exploring the convergence of smart building with numerous IoT applications.

  • 2.

    Investigating IoT issues in smart building and how they can be overcome by IoT incorporation.

  • 3.

    Proposes DTLS protocol with SHA-256 using optimizations from the CA to improve security.

  • 4.

    Non-continuous awake state of the CoAP protocol help in energy reduction in comparison to other existing schemes.

The rest of the paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the Literature Survey is addressed in which other researchers use related proposed systems. Section 3 discussed system architecture. Section 4 discussed the Proposed Methodology. In Section 5, we discussed results and discussion with Contiki Cooja simulation with CoAP protocol. The paper is eventually summarized in Section 6 and the complete workflow is shown in Fig. 2.

Section snippets

Literature survey

We are reviewing and evaluating previous studies on smart infrastructure and advanced sensing. The records that contributed altogether to our examination are given in the accompanying parts. Robotization frameworks are analyzed alongside analysis of a completely IoT-viable, controllable, data working in an objective and predictable methodology [10]. The arrangement for an interoperable smart structure design to make an inventive structure the board frameworks by incorporating the benefits of

Proposed system architecture

A smart building, whether it is an office, a home, an industrial plant, or a leisure area, provides occupants with personalized services thanks to the knowledge of its contained objects. Because the built environment has an impact on everyone’s quality of life and work, buildings must be capable of not only reducing energy consumption but also improving habitability and productivity. Building sensor and actuator deployments must be optimized such that the related expense is covered by the

Proposed methodology

Contiki is a low-power IoT operating system. Cooja is an emulator for the Contiki network. Cooja simulates Contiki’s large and small networks. Contiki is a popular, freelance, and open-source IoT programming operating system with a C programming language base code, which is available under the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) license. Contiki is a networked, memory-constrained operating system aimed at low-power wireless Internet of Things users. Contiki can be used in wireless

Result and discussion

With the aid of Contiki Cooja with the CoAP protocol, we will explore the simulation of the proposed work. CoAP is a protocol for software that is intended to be used in very specific electronic devices that allow online interactive communication. CoAP is a protocol for use, such as IoT nodes, in resource-limited internet networks. CoAP is intended to automatically migrate to HTTP for easy incorporation into the network while retaining specific criteria including multi-casts, reasonably low

Conclusion

In the next five years, IoT-based smart buildings are expected to rapidly develop. Smart buildings have a huge influence on the growth of the nation. It is expected the combination of IoT, IP (IPv4 and IPv6) would improve building functions, power, energy efficiencies, and cost efficiency, transferring them into “smart” buildings in the automation continuum. In recent years, administrations and regulators around the world, considering that buildings are major energy users, have become more

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Arun Kumar: Conceptualization, Writing - review & editing. Sharad Sharma: Data curation, Writing - original draft. Nitin Goyal: Visualization, Investigation, Methodology, Software. Aman Singh: Software, Validation, Supervision. Xiaochun Cheng: Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, Resources. Parminder Singh: Writing - review & editing, Formal analysis, Software.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

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