Reliability enhancement of packet delivery in multi-hop wireless sensor network
Introduction
Sensing systems with wireless communication are used for many purposes, as fire detection in forests, soil analysis, weather sensing for forecasting, and many others.Alongside, with the advancement of the Wireless Sensor Network (WNS) technology, applications focused on Smart Cities and Internet of Things have become promising, providing ways to improve and facilitate citizens’ life [1] [2]. For example, a WSN can be used to reduce the energy waste in streetlight systems with a sensor attached to the light poles, making possible to detect the motion in the area and selecting the best illuminating behavior to the cities [3], as described in the Fig. 1.
The WSN is comprised of a large number of devices, usually in hundreds or thousands of sensor, in order to acquire data from the environment. Therefore, such devices must be of low cost to fulfill the requirements of these applications, which implies in resources constraints, such as: the processing unit, available memory for storage and processing, energy for operation and communication bandwidth [1]. In addition, these networks are usually located in environments that have sources of eletromagnetic interference, which reduces the system reliability and functionality [2]. Due to the unique characteristics of WSN, several methods were proposed to improve the WSN reliability, such as: enhance the network protocol [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]; adjust the network buffer [9], [10]; alternate the radio transmission channels [11]; adding system redundancy [12]; and others.
Despite the effectiveness of these protocols to enhance the network throughput and reliability, most of the proposed approachs do not take into account the high interference probability in the communication medium, which is a common and consistent problem in Smart Cities applications. The WSN usually uses Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) spectrum to perform its wireless communications, that allows its usability without a license in most of the countries. Despite being common to develop wireless projects in this band, it also implies that it will suffer from the overload of this spectrum by all open systems that use it, known as ISM interference. For instance, the IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) and the IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth) are wireless communication standards that are generally deployed in cities, which directly impacts in WSN communications as demonstrated in [13].
Therefore, in order to provide a reliable WSN communication method for urban areas, Smart Cities and Internet of Things applications, this work describes a new communication protocol for WSN named μNet. By using a peer-to-peer acknowledgment system, the μNet protocol can deliver its packets with a smaller network buffer, since it is possible to control when the emitter will drop its packets by the acknowledge message. Comparing the μNet with the standardized WSN protocols with simulations that vary the interference probability, it is shown that the μNet approach is suitable for WSN with resources constraints located in environments susceptible to interferences in the communication medium.
Section snippets
Network structure
Due to the devices resources constraints, the protocols structures of WSN must be adapted to its needs, differing from traditional networks. The IEEE 802.15.4 protocol standard [14] was developed to improve the performance of the WSN. It standardizes the Physical and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers, providing star, peer-to-peer and clusters networks topologies, with radio frequencies varying from 470 MHz up to 2.4 GHz. This standard provides a packet size of 127 bytes and, in order to
Proposed solution
In order to improve the WSN packet delivery reliability, the proposed method, named μNet, uses acknowledges messages in peer-to-peer transmissions, which has the advantage to reduce the buffer size of the network and the energy waste of each device [18]. As illustrated in the Fig. 2(a), the data is transmitted from one device to another by the PKT message, which is followed by an ACKR (Acknowledgement from the Radio) message to notify the emitter that the PKT has been received. To ensure that
Evaluation method
The μNet stack was developed using the BRTOS (Brazilian Real-Time Operational System) version 2.00 with the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol to control the MAC and Physical layers. The source code is available in [20] and in [21].
The evaluation of μNet was performed by comparing it with a set of WSN standardized protocols defined by the IETF, which is available in the Contiki OS 3.0. The Contiki OS was configured with the newest WSN protocols, such as: IEEE 802.15.4, 6LoWPAN, IPv6, RPL, UDP and CoAP. The
Performance analysis
Without the CoAP, the used protocols in the Contiki OS reaches up to 60 bytes of headers, which is greater than the 36 bytes necessary to the μNet in the BRTOS. Nevertheless, the header size is smaller with the 6LoWPAN with an average of 42 bytes of header in the simulated scenarios. Therefore, the protocols headers of Contiki OS uses in average 33% of IEEE 802.15.4 packet, while the μNet uses 28%.
To define the minimum interval necessary between transmissions, it is analyzed the peer-to-peer
Conclusion
In this paper, we proposed a new communication protocol (μNet) to improve the end-to-end data delivery reliability in WSN. It was shown that the μNet is 18 % slower in peer-to-peer packet transmission than the well-known Contiki OS communication methods, due to the adopted acknowledge approach. Thus, the Contiki OS set of protocols is able to perform better in ideal scenarios when the interval between successive transmissions is reduced. However, it is shown that the BRTOS with μNet outperforms
Acknowledgments
Authors thanks CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior), CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico), Fundação Araucária FINEP (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos) and UTFPR to the financial support for this research.
Fabrício Negrisolo de Godoi was born in Lucélia, SP, Brazil, in 1992. He received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering from the Federal Technologic University of Paraná (UTFPR) in 2016. He is currently working towards the master’s degree in Electrical Engineering at UTFPR. His research interests are in the area of wireless embedded systems, Internet of Things, Smart Cities and network applications.
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Fabrício Negrisolo de Godoi was born in Lucélia, SP, Brazil, in 1992. He received the B.Sc. degree in Computer Engineering from the Federal Technologic University of Paraná (UTFPR) in 2016. He is currently working towards the master’s degree in Electrical Engineering at UTFPR. His research interests are in the area of wireless embedded systems, Internet of Things, Smart Cities and network applications.
Gustavo W. Denardin received his B.Sc., M.Sc. and D.Sc. in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Maria in 2002, 2004 and 2012, respectively. Since 2005, he has been with the Federal University of Technology - Paraná, where he is currently an adjunct professor. His research interests include embedded systems, real-time operating systems, instrumentation and wireless sensor/actuator networks.
Carlos Henrique Barriquello was born in Três Passos, RS, Brazil, in 1984. He received the B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) in 2007, 2009 and 2012, respectively. Since 2012, he has been Adjunct Professor in the Electronics and Computing Department at the UFSM, Brazil. Also, he has been a researcher with the GEDRE/UFSM Intelligence in Lighting research group since 2008. His research interests include embedded and real time systems, wireless sensor and actuator networks, lighting systems, visible light communications and smart grid communication networks.