KRT13-expressing epithelial cell population predicts better response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy in bladder cancer: Comprehensive evidences based on BCa database
Introduction
Owing to the recent rapid advancements in the field of bladder cancer (BCa) treatment, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and immunotherapy have opened new avenues of research and treatment; immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) in particular has revolutionized advanced BCa management [1,2]. In clinical settings, current biomarkers do not provide any clinical guidance regarding the use of NAC or ICT, thereby hindering the further development of related therapies [3,4]. Although the consensus molecular classification system has been proposed for predicting therapeutic response; however, it does not provide compelling evidence [4,5]. Therefore, new biomarkers for predicting therapeutic efficacy in BCa are greatly needed. The progressive development of high-throughput sequencing technology and emerging studies using single-cell RNA sequencing to analyze BCa have helped provide an initial understanding of intratumoral heterogeneity [[6], [7], [8], [9]]. Evaluation of characteristics related to cancer cells was hypothesized to be relatively better via scRNA seq. Therefore, this can ensure that unwanted interferences that may arise from stromal cells may be avoided, which might be beneficial for the development of more effective predictive and prognostic tools.
In this study, an epithelial cell population characterized by high expression of keratin 13 (KRT13) was demonstrated in BCa via scRNA-seq; this increased KRT13 expression showed a positive correlation with clinical outcomes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and ICT. Besides, a prognostic artificial neural network (ANN) model was established on the bases of the overexpressed genes in the KRT13 population. To ensure data availability and contribute to the biomedical community, a user-friendly, open-access database named Bca database (http://202.114.71.211:8888/Bca/) has been developed in the present study for users to search and download data.
Section snippets
BCa datasets and resources
scRNA-seq data of patients with BCa—downloaded from GEO (accession number, GSE130001)—included 12,098 cell samples, each with 27,010 genes. BCa Illumina Hi-Seq counts from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were downloaded from the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) data portal, and corresponding clinical annotation including survival information was accessed via the TCGA Clinical Data Resource. Affymetrix array data corresponding to a trial of neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in BCa was downloaded
Identification of KRT13-expressing epithelial cells
A total of 4003 single cells in the GSE130001 dataset were clustered into four major clusters after quality control. Cluster-specific genes were used to annotate cell types with classic markers described in previous studies as follows: epithelial cells (EPCAM+, KRT18+); endothelial cells (VWF+); two types of fibroblasts (COL3A1+, FGF7+)—iCAFs (PDGFRA+); and myo-CAFs (mCAFs) (RGS5+) (Fig. 1a and b and Table S1). Unsupervised clustering of the epithelial compartment alone revealed clusters that
Discussion
In the present study, the comprehensive profiling of BCa at the single cell level was performed; the outcomes of which enabled us to elucidate the constituents of current molecular subtypes and to derive molecular signatures with higher resolution and greater therapeutic relevance. All epithelial phenotypes and the KRT13 phenotype were identified subsequently. KRT13, a 54 kDa type-I keratin, was mainly expressed in the suprabasal layers of non-cornified stratified squamous epithelia [32]. The
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The present study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committees of the participating institutions.
Funding
This work was supported by the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Science, Technology and Innovation Seed Fund (znpy2019077) and Translational Medicine and Interdisciplinary Research Joint Fund of Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (Grant No. ZNJC202217 and ZNJC202232).
Authors' contributions
S. L., X. W., and L. C. designed this research. D. Y., C. L., and L. S. organized the processing flow. D. Y. and C. C. completed the whole analytic process of this study. D. Y., S. W., X. T., L. M., and D. W. organized and presented the results. D. Y. contributed to the writing of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used for the analyses during the current study available from the corresponding.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
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