Dynamic hierarchical bandwidth allocation using Russian Doll Model in EPON☆

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Abstract

This paper demonstrates a new hierarchical Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation algorithm using the Russian Doll Model (RDM) to allocate bandwidth for intra-Optical Network Unit (ONU) in an Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON). The allocation of bandwidth is based on the classification and prioritization of service. The algorithm addresses the requests of ONUs and provides differentiated services by balancing priority and fairness. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in supporting the triple-play services, i.e. video, voice, and data, as well as making effective adjustment in balancing bandwidth sharing between the ONUs compared with two other existing Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) algorithm. The proposed algorithms shows significant performance improvements in terms of bandwidth utilization, packet delay and the fairness.

Highlights

► We propose an intra-ONU bandwidth allocation algorithm in EPON based on RDDBA. ► The algorithm addresses the requests of ONUs and provides differentiated services. ► The fairness is resolved by allowing all ONUs to fairly share the uplink bandwidth. ► The bandwidth utilization, packet delay and the fairness is significantly improved.

Introduction

The world is experiencing rapid changes in communication technology with the introduction of new generation services [1]. The development of communications infrastructure is fast moving with focus on addressing the bottlenecks at the access networks. One of the promising solutions is the Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) [2]. EPON is highly recommended for implementing broadband access optical fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) because its components are low cost, it is capable to deliver bundled services to subscribers, it is scalable and compatible with other types of networks [3], [4].

An EPON system consists of Optical Line Terminals (OLTs), Optical Network Units (ONUs), and passive optical splitters (POSs). The OLT is placed in the central equipment room such as the local exchange where it acts as a point of access to the Wide Area Network (WAN) or Metropolitan Access Network (MAN) while the ONU is placed near or integrated into the client equipment. The OLTs and ONUs are connected by POSs by distributing the downlink data and aggregating the uplink data that carries 802.3 Ethernet frames [5]. The exchange of control information in EPON involves two Multi-Point Control Protocol (MPCP) messages, i.e. REPORT and GATE. A REPORT message is used to periodically inform OLT about the length of the queues from ONU. Meanwhile, the GATE message is issued by the OLT to notify each ONU about their assigned transmission times. All active ONUs have their own allocated time to transmit data. The allocated time is known as the granted cycle [6]. Data transmission from network to users is called downstream transmission while upstream transmission is the reverse of that. All available bandwidth is used to broadcast packets to every ONU through the splitter during the downstream transmission. However, for the upstream direction, available bandwidth is shared among all ONUs at the optical splitter. Each of the ONUs will be assigned with their own non-overlapping time-slot by the OLT to avoid collisions between frames from different ONUs [7].

Several Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (DBA) Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation schemes have been developed over the years to cope with the challenges of high bandwidth utilization and Quality of Service (QoS) provisioning. However, most of the algorithms focused on allocating the bandwidth within the OLT capacity to multiple ONUs. A further improvement of the intra-ONU bandwidth allocation is important in order to make appropriate scheduling and to use the resources fairly. One technique of differentiated services bandwidth allocation is the Russian Doll Model (RDM) which has been used widely with Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) [8].

In this paper, we will introduce a new policy for bandwidth allocation based on RDM for intra-ONU. The new intra-ONU with RDM allocation policy is used in managing the upstream bandwidth allocation. For the inter-ONU allocation, an OLT algorithm is used to distribute the bandwidth based on a set of weights, as can be seen in other works [9]. This inter-ONU scheduler deals with the aggregated traffic. But in contrast, intra-ONU algorithm dynamically allocates the bandwidth to the users using the RDM allocator based on the class of service where a class with high priority (voice) will be served first, followed by the medium priority (video) and low priority (data). The fairness in bandwidth allocation to different users is instilled based on the RDM technique [10].

Section snippets

Critical review of DBAs

The bandwidth allocation algorithm is a key component in an EPON’s architecture and is responsible for all decisions related to assignment of transmission windows to ONUs. The DBA plays a very important role in upstream EPON for bandwidth optimization. From the above point of view therefore, finding an algorithm that is able to cope with classes of traffic requiring different QoS became necessary.

The DBA schemes can be divided into two categories: single-level and hierarchical. Most of the

Russian doll scheme

In past years, the number and variety of multimedia applications running on IP networks have increasingly grown and network providers have started offering a wide range of services, such as voice-over-IP (VoIP), IPTV, and video on demand (VoD) [20], [21]. The bandwidth constraints (BC) model is one of the most important aspects of the Diffserv Aware Traffic Engineering (DS-TE) architecture [21], which establishes how the bandwidth can be allocated to different traffic classes. The RDM is found

Proposed RDDBA algorithm

To address the fairness problem and enhance the bandwidth utilization, we propose a new hierarchical DBA algorithm, employing a Russian Doll approach. The algorithm is called RDDBA, and the main focus of the algorithm is to divide bandwidth fairly between different ONUs. To demonstrate and distinguish the advantages of using RDM, we will compare our new algorithm with the existing hierarchical algorithms for upstream transmission developed by Min et al. [23] and which is given the acronym of

Results and discussion

A simulation study was performed with the traffic profiles as shown in Table 1. In this work, we study the fairness index, bandwidth utilization, and packet delay to prove that the RDDBA algorithm can give better QoS. This has been done by comparing the RDDBA with existing hierarchical algorithms, i.e. MDBA [23] and ADBA [9]. The reason for comparing with MDBA and ADBA is that the both algorithms are hierarchical and have inter and intra ONU allocation, In addition, both can be tested using the

Conclusion

In this paper, we proposed an intra-ONU allocation algorithm based on RDM to support DBA for DiffServ classes and improve bandwidth efficiency by allowing the triple play services to share the bandwidth. We called the DBA algorithms as RDDBA and we compared it with ADBA and MDBA. The proposed scheme separates and resolves fairness and allows all ONUs to fairly share the uplink bandwidth according to their bandwidth demands for different traffic priority classes. The DiffServ functionalities

Sajaa Kh. Sadon received the B.Sc. in Electronic and Communications Engineering from University of Al-Mosul, Al-Mosul, Iraq, in 2007, and the M.Sc degree from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, in 2010. She is currently doing her PhD. in UNITEN. Her research interests include fiber wireless (fi-wi), artificial intelligence and Ethernet passive optical networks.

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    Sajaa Kh. Sadon received the B.Sc. in Electronic and Communications Engineering from University of Al-Mosul, Al-Mosul, Iraq, in 2007, and the M.Sc degree from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Malaysia, in 2010. She is currently doing her PhD. in UNITEN. Her research interests include fiber wireless (fi-wi), artificial intelligence and Ethernet passive optical networks.

    Norashidah Md Din is currently working as an Associate Professor and Deputy Dean at College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. She has a degree in Electrical Engineering from Memphis State University, USA and a Master and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She has authored over 100 technical papers. She is a Senior Member of IEEE, a CEng with IET and PEng with Board of Engineers Malaysia. Her research interests include communications network and Ethernet passive optical networks.

    Mohammed Hayder Al-Mansoori received the B.Sc. degree in Electronic and Communications Engineering from University of Al-Mosul, Al-Mosul, Iraq, in 1998, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D degrees from the University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia, in 2004 and 2008, respectively. He was with the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Oman. He has authored and coauthored more than 130 research papers in journals and conference proceedings. Al-Mansoori is a member of the Optical Society of America and IEEE. His research interests include optical fiber communications, optical fiber lasers, and Ethernet passive optical networks.

    N.A.M. Radzi received her MEE and BEEE (Hons.) from Universiti Tenaga Nasional in the year 2010 and 2008, respectively. In 2009, she joined the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional as a tutor. She is currently working as a lecturer in the same Department. Her research interests include, EPON and IP Optical. She has contributed 20 technical papers in various journals and conference. She is a member of IEEE. Since 2008, she has completed 2 sponsored projects.

    Intan Shafinaz Mustafa received the B.Sc. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University of Coventry, UK, in 1996 and M.Sc. degree in Communications and Network Engineering from Universiti Putra Malaysia, in 2006. She is currently a Lecturer in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia. Her research interests include EPONs, Wireless communication technology, geographic information system and image processing.

    Mashkuri Yaacob obtained his M.Sc and PhD degrees respectively in Computer Engineering from the University of Manchester and a Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering from UNSW, Australia. He was appointed the third Vice-Chancellor of Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN) in 2007. He has published over 250 technical papers in local and international journals and conferences. As Vice Chancellor of UNITEN, he has played a major role in the expansion of the leading private University in Malaysia particularly in rebranding the University as a quality private University in Malaysia. UNITEN won the coveted Prime Minister’s Industry Quality Excellence Award in 2009.

    Mohd Shahmi Abdul Majid completed his B. Eng. Degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering from Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia, in 2009. Currently, he is pursuing his study in Master of Electrical, majoring in communication field at Universiti Tenaga Nasional. His research interest included Optical Communication and IP QoS.

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    Reviews processed and approved for publication by Editor-in-Chief Dr. Manu Malek.

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