Versioning-based service-oriented model for multi-area power system online economic load dispatch☆
Introduction
The economic dispatch problem of power systems is to determine the optimal combination of power outputs for the all the generating units, which minimizes the total fuel cost while satisfying the constraints. The economic load dispatch optimizes a power system operating objective functions (such as the operating cost) while satisfying a set of system operating constraints, including constraints dictated by the power system network. In its most general formulation, the optimization of economic load dispatch is a nonlinear, non-convex, large-scale, static optimization problem with both continuous and discrete control variables. Even in the absence of non-convex unit operating cost functions, unit prohibited operating zones, and discrete control variables, the optimal power flow problem is non-convex due to the existence of the nonlinear ac power flow equality constraints. The presence of discrete control variables, such as switchable shunt devices, transformer tap positions, and phase shifters, further complicates the problem solution.
The Power System economic load dispatch solution obtained through conventional client server architecture is complicated, memory management is difficult, source code is bulky, and exception handling mechanism is not so easy. In the conventional power system operation and control, it is assumed that the information required for monitoring and controlling of power systems is centrally available and all computations are to be done sequentially at a single location [1]. With respect to sequential computation, the server has to be loaded every time for each client’s request and the time taken to deliver the economic load dispatch solution is also comparatively high [2], [3], [4]. This paper outlines a new approach to develop a solution for economic load dispatch analysis by the way of distributed computing. Among distributed object-oriented software, .NET remoting provides a language layer of abstractions for performing parallel and distributed computing in .NET environments. A .NET remoting architecture provides a framework that allows objects to interact with each other across the boundaries [5]. The high adaptability of the communication layer, the different object activation patterns, garbage collection without additional communication, and the advanced security features are advantages of .NET remoting [6]. .NET remoting client–server architecture overcomes the difficulties associated with sequential computation and it can be easily implemented.
Remoting provides a powerful and easy way to the power system clients to communicate with remote ELD server at different domains. Even though good number of research papers available on distributed applications on .NET remoting on other engineering applications [7] only very limited research work has been carried out on distributed environment modeling on online economic dispatch for multi –area power systems. The proposed model supports many different communications protocols, including the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP)/Hypertext transfer Protocol (HTTP) used by Web based power system applications. Since the .NET framework provides a number of services, including activation and lifetime support, as well as communication channels responsible for transporting messages to and from remote applications. Remoting uses built in security by providing a number of hooks, which allow channel sinks to gain access to the power system data in the form of serialized stream before it is transported over the channel and hence the distributed economic load dispatch through this proposed architecture will itself a major contribution to power system online applications. In addition the proposed model secures the inbuilt safety and security of the ELD server as well as power system data.
In this paper the proposed model has been compared with Remote Method Invocation (RMI) based economic load dispatch model [8] and performances with respect to round trip time & aggregate throughput have been analyzed in detail. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents the frameworks for automated economic load dispatch in .NET remoting environment. Section 3 presents automated economic load dispatch algorithm. Results and analysis are presented in Section 4 followed by the conclusion of the paper in Section 5.
Section snippets
.NET remoting architecture for automated economic load dispatch solutions [9]
In this present work, a distributed environment has been set up using .NET remoting to estimate and to monitor economic load dispatch solutions for different subsystems of an integrated power system. Each sub system has been considered as a power system client and hence multi power system clients – single ELD server model is implemented. In this model the tie line power flow for each area is assumed to be constant and tie line power flow is treated as load for each sub system. These power
.NET remoting based economic load dispatch monitoring algorithm
Each client object registers with the ELD server component. The server uses the remote client reference to invoke its method to obtain the economic load dispatch data and then provides the service through its methods. Both client and server objects are considered as remote objects and this is how inter remote object communication is achieved. The server object uses a single thread of control to distribute the economic load dispatch solution simultaneously to the clients registered with it. The
Results
The above distributed algorithm has been implemented in Windows NT based Hewlett–Packard workstations connected in an Ethernet Local Area Network. The results are shown in a GUI as given in Fig. 3.
The above GUI shows the economic load dispatch solution for a specific three generator bus power system client. When each power system client is loaded, it registers with the economic load dispatch server due that the intercommunication between server and client’s remotable object is achieved and the
Conclusions
An effective .NET based distributed model has been developed to monitor the economic load dispatch of multiple power systems. It has been tried out in overcoming the overheads associated with sequential power system economic load dispatch computation through this model. Although, client–server architecture for economic load dispatch solution is very well established, the value of this study lies in that it emphasizes a unique methodology based on .NET based model to serve a large number of
K. Nithiyananthan received his Ph.D. in Faculty of Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India in 2004. He is currently working as Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS, Pilani Dubai campus, United Arab Emirates. His research interests include computer applications to power systems engineering, Internet technologies and embedded systems.
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K. Nithiyananthan received his Ph.D. in Faculty of Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India in 2004. He is currently working as Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, BITS, Pilani Dubai campus, United Arab Emirates. His research interests include computer applications to power systems engineering, Internet technologies and embedded systems.
V. Ramachandran received his M.E. and Ph.D. in Faculty of Electrical Engineering from College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India. He is currently working as Director, National Institute of Technology, Nagaland, India. His research interests include power systems reliability engineering, network security, component technologies and soft computing.
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Reviews processed and approved for publication by Editor-in-Chief Dr. Manu Malek.