Real-time SVD-based detection of multiple combined faults in induction motors☆
Introduction
Induction motors are key elements of the electrical and processing industry. Their utilization is widespread because of their low price, stiffness, and reliability. Therefore, early detection of induction motor faults has been a matter of research for many years [1], [2], [3], since unexpected failures cause interruptions on production lines with severe consequences in cost, product quality, and safety [4], [5], [6]. Several approaches have been proposed for induction fault detection; unfortunately, most of them focus on identifying one single fault (i.e. an isolated fault) or multiple faults (i.e. different faults treated in an isolated way). In rotating machines more than 40% of the faults are bearing related [7], around 10% are rotor faults [8], and unbalance is inside the 12% of other faults [9]; moreover, in a real rotary machine two or more faults can be present at the same time; so that, one faulty condition could interfere on the detection of another one misleading to a wrong decision about the operational condition of the motor. The identification of multiple-combined faults on induction motors still represents a big challenge for condition monitoring, but it has been rarely considered despite it can be a very usual situation, because a reliable diagnosis of a faulty condition under the presence of two or more simultaneous faults is really difficult [10].
The main contribution of this work is a novel, non invasive methodology that merges singular value decomposition (SVD), statistical analysis, and an artificial neural network (ANN) for multiple combined fault identification in induction motors, outperforming most of the previously proposed approaches, which identify single faults (i.e. an isolated fault) or multiple faults (i.e. different faults treated in an isolated way). A field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based implementation of the propose methodology is developed to offer an online deterministic technique suited for real-time identification of single or multiple combined faults in early stages by analyzing one-phase of the steady-state current, unlike common approaches for induction motor fault detection that rely on the offline examination of current or/and vibration signatures to identify single isolated faults. Obtained results show the high performance of the proposed technique, implemented in a low-cost FPGA device from two different vendors, for identifying in a quantitative and automatic way outer-race bearing defect, unbalance, broken rotor bars, and all their possible combinations in an induction machine.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: the problem formulation is given in Section 2. Section 3 describes the proposed methodology. The experimental setup and obtained results for testing the effectiveness of the proposed methodology are presented in Section 4. Conclusions and remarks are given in Section 5.
Section snippets
Problem formulation
Many approaches for induction motor fault detection have been proposed; the aim in most of them is to provide computationally-effective diagnostic tools able to identify different faults by analyzing a minimum set of parameters [11]. Common signal processing techniques for induction motor condition monitoring are the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and the wavelet transform. For instance, in [12], an automatic computerized system is presented for diagnosing rotor bars in induction motor utilizing
Singular value decomposition
Singular value decomposition (SVD) of an m × n matrix A is defined bywhere U and V are m × m and n × n orthogonal matrices, respectively, i.e. UUT = Im, and VVT = In where I is the identity matrix. Σ is a diagonal matrix such that Σ = diag(σ1, σ2, … , σn), where σ1, σ2, … , σn are the singular values of A [31]. For m > n, at least m − n singular values are zero. If r = rank(A) and r < n, r of the singular values are non-zero. Matrix U contains m left singular vectors, and matrix V contains n right singular
Experimental setup
The steady-state current signal is used to find the multiple combined faults and classify the operational conditions since this signal describes the dynamic characteristics of the induction motor. Fig. 5a shows the experiment setup where different 1-hp three-phase induction motors (model WEG 00136APE48T) are used to test the performance of the proposed methodology identifying the single and multiple combined fault conditions treated in this work. The tested motors have 2 poles, 28 bars, and
Conclusions
Early fault detection in induction motor has been a subject of great interest for researchers in recent years. Most of the current techniques focus on the identification of faulty conditions treated in an isolated way; since, the correct classification of one fault, when another or more faults are present, is really difficult. In this regard, a novel methodology for multiple combined fault detection in induction motors was proposed and experimentally tested in this work. Obtained results showed
Acknowledgment
This work was supported in part by the National Council on Science and Technology (CONACYT), Mexico, under Scholarships Number: 336730.
M. Hernandez-Vargas received the B.E. degree from the FIMEE Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico, in 2004, and the M.C. degree from the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, in 2006. Currently, he is pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico. His fields of interest include real-time digital signal processing on FPGAs for applications in mechatronics.
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Cited by (0)
M. Hernandez-Vargas received the B.E. degree from the FIMEE Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico, in 2004, and the M.C. degree from the Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Mexico, in 2006. Currently, he is pursuing the Ph.D. degree at the Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico. His fields of interest include real-time digital signal processing on FPGAs for applications in mechatronics.
E. Cabal-Yepez received the Ph.D. degree from the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom. The B.E. and M.E. degrees from FIMEE Universidad de Guanajuato, Mexico, where he is currently working as a full-time professor and doing research work focused on Digital Signal and Image Processing, FPGAs, and Embedded Systems for real-time processing.
A. Garcia-Perez received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in electronics from the University of Guanajuato, Mexico, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas, Dallas, USA. He is currently a Titular Professor with the Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Guanajuato. His fields of interest include digital signal processing.
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Reviews processed and recommended for publication to Editor-in-Chief by Guest Editor Dr. Zhihong Man.