A green and reliable communication modeling for industrial internet of things
Introduction
Industrial wireless sensor networks are of important component of Industrial Internet of Things that integrating the physical systems with sensing, computing, and actuation exhibit new capabilities with unprecedented dependability and efficiency [1], [2], [3], [4], [5]. It makes the smart factory real [6,7]. For the sensor nodes in these applications, sense the environmental data and transfer them to sink node is one of the important features. Due to the characteristics of the wireless networks, there are noise and error during data transmission, which leads to data lost [8], [9], [10]. The sensor networks depend on the sensory data to take action, if data reliability is not high, it may lead to decision-making mistakes [10], [11], [12]. Thus the packet delivery reliability becomes a prominent challenge in industrial WSNs [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]. Due to their inherent characteristics of resource-constrained, for data collection, Green (energy efficiency) communication is another vital issue since replacing or recharging the batteries of sensor nodes is extremely difficult [8], [9], [10], [24]. Summarily, green (energy efficiency) communication, the delay and data reliability (the probability of data packets successfully received by receiver) are regarded as the major concerns in the design of industrial wireless sensor networks [10,17]. Many studies show that there is a trade-off among the delay, energy efficiency and reliability [10], [13].
There have been some strategies to guarantee the reliability of data transmission, such as Send-Wait automatic Repeat-Request (SW-ARQ) protocol [10,13]. With SW-ARQ protocol, the sender transmits one packet each time and waits for an ACK or a timeout before its next transmission [10,13]. The advantages of this protocol are easy-to-use and energy-saving. But the disadvantage of it is the delay. Especially in the network with poor link quality, multiple retransmissions may lead to long delay. Another strategy which called network coding based redundant transmission (NCRT) approach [18] is to encode the data packets and transmit them with some redundancy levels. The delay of it is short, but the energy consumption is large, so the network lifetime of this method is short.
For industrial applications, they also require the protocol can improve the data transmission reliability, keep a longer network lifetime and reduce the delay. But to the best of our knowledge, there have not a method that can optimize the network performance simultaneously. The application of WSNs is more and more widely, especially in industrial production, a data transmission strategy that can achieve high-reliability, low-latency and long lifetime is urgently needed.
In this paper, combining the advantages of SW-ARQ protocol and NCRT approach, we proposed a new method which called hybrid transmission protocol (HTP) to maximize lifetime with reliability guarantees for wireless sensor networks. The main contributions of our study are as follows:
The HTP approach which we proposed adopts SW-ARQ protocol in hotspot areas (the areas near sink) and NCRT approach in non-hotspot areas (the areas far to sink), which can prolong lifetime as well as reduce end-to-end delay. In the areas near the sink, we adopt SW-ARQ protocol to save energy as much as possible. In the areas far to sink, we make full use of the rest energy to improve the network reliability and shorten the delay. On the whole, HTP approach can overcome the shortcomings of the other two methods. It can achieve low-latency, high-reliability and long lifetime in the network. It can also change the phenomenon of unbalanced energy consumption in WSNs. Through our extensive studies, comparing with the other two kinds of method, the performance of HTP is improved greatly.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows: In Section 2, the related works are reviewed. The system model is described in Section 3. In Section 4, a novel hybrid transmission protocol (HTP) is proposed. The HTP's performance analysis is provided in Section 5. Section 6 is experimental results and comparison. We conclude in Section 7.
Section snippets
Related work
Because the reliability, delay and network lifetime are all important performance for wireless sensor networks, so there has been a tremendous amount of research about them [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. In this section, we review some current related research and divide them into two categories: one is improve the network reliability only by using data transmission method, the other one is cross-layer optimization.
- (1)
Cross-layer optimization is the method while optimizing at multiple levels.
The network model
The network model is same as that in Ref. [11,13,18], which can be described as: (1) the sensor nodes are uniform randomly distributed in a circular area and sink is located at the center; (2) The nodes’ transmitting radius is r. In each round, we assume the probability of each node generating packets is λ [23]. The sensory data is sent to sink by greedy geographic routing [17]. (3) For any node, the probability of successfully transfer data between two nodes is denoted by p. For SW-ARQ, the
Background
SW-ARQ protocol, as Fig. 2 shows [11,13], reliability is assured in each hop. The transmitter sends a packet, if the transmitter receives an ACK from its subsequent node before the preset timeout occurs, it transmits a new packet. Otherwise, it retransmits the preceding packet. A receiver transmits an ACK for every packet it receives successfully including for duplicates.
Network coding based redundant transmissions (NCRT) approach can be seen from Ref. [18]. In this method, the redundancy level
Delay analysis
Adopting HTP protocol in the network, that is, according to the energy consumption of nodes in WSNs, we adopt SW-ARQ protocol in the first h + 1 hops while adopting NCRT approach from the (h + 2) th hop (like Fig. 3 shows). Thus, the total network latency composes the delay of SW-ARQ protocol and the delay of NCRT. So:
di and Di can be calculated from 5.1.1 and 5.1.2 later. Therefore, the whole network latency D can be expressed as:
Experimental results
In order to evaluate the performance of the approach which we proposed, we simulate the network behavior on Omnet ++ experimental platform [25]. Experiments include linear network and planar network. The simulation environment in experiment is as Tables 3 and 4.
And the experiment parameters are set as Table 5.
Conclusion
Industrial wireless sensor networks have drawn much attention by researchers, and the network performance, such as network lifetime, energy efficiency, the end-to-end reliability and delay are all the key issues for it. But they are also restricted to each other, and it is difficult to optimize them simultaneously. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid transmission protocol (HTP) to maximize the network lifetime with reliability guaranteed for WSNs. The proposed scheme can attain a high
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61379110, 61073104, 61379115, 61311140261, 61572528, 61272494, 61572528), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2014CB046305).
Anfeng Liu is a Professor of School of Information Science and Engineering of Central South University, China. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Central South University, China, 2002 and 2005, both in computer science. His major research interests are crowd sensing network and wireless sensor network.
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Anfeng Liu is a Professor of School of Information Science and Engineering of Central South University, China. He received the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees from Central South University, China, 2002 and 2005, both in computer science. His major research interests are crowd sensing network and wireless sensor network.
Qi Zhang received B.Sc. on 2015. Currently she is a master in School of Information Science and Engineering of Central South University, China. Her research interest is wireless sensor network.
Zhetao Li is currently an associate professor of College of Information Engineering, Xiangtan University. He was a visiting researcher at Ajou University from May to Aug 2012, from Feb 2013 to Dec 2013. His research interests include Wireless network and Internet of Things (IOT).
Young-June Choi is an associate professor at Ajou University, Korea. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees from the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Seoul National University, Korea, in 2000, 2002, and 2006, respectively.
Jie Li is with Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, where he is a Professor. His current research interests are in mobile distributed computing and networking, big data and cloud computing, IoT, OS, modeling and performance evaluation of information systems.