Optimal capacitor placement on West–East inter-tie in Saudi Arabia using genetic algorithm☆
Section snippets
Introduction and background
Excessive VAR demands cause reduction of system capacity, higher losses eventually decreased voltage and higher operation costs. Shunt capacitor banks are able to compensate VAR requirements. The power system design engineer considers and need to be optimized the following main factors before connect the capacitor bank in the power system network; the size of the Capacitor bank, optimal location, control methods, and implementation cost of the capacitor bank. In general, “rule of thumb” of
Genetic Algorithm (GA) method
A is a search algorithm established on the mechanic of natural selection. Fundamentally, GA creates a population that develops via time using reproduction and mutation method. The three most essential parts of using GA are: 1. Definition of objective function. 2. Definition and implementation of GA representation. 3. Definition and representation of GA operators.
Before applying the GA procedure in any application the true parameters of the genuine problem must be denoted in GA coding. The
Simulation tool
The whole inter-tie network was modeled using Electrical Transient Analyzer Program (ETAP) software. This software allows the electrical engineer to model power system at steady and transient states by simulating network model on different scenarios [15].
Reduced to 37 bus–test case model
The Saudi electricity company (SEC) bulk power system of Tabuk–Tabarjal inter-tie system network contains many generator and load buses, transmission lines and transformers. The modeling of the original network is reduced. The study of the
Objective function
The objective function of the capacitor placement problem (CPP) is mention in two main formulations as given in Eq. (1) and (2) below,
Here, cost of loss reduction is difference between the original and modified system power losses cost.
The proposed novel formulation (i.e., Fitness-F-3) are shown in Eq. (3)–(7). It removes the difficulties from the above interpretations and conventions, further precisely returns the profit from
GA implementation
GA implementation procedure explained in this section. The CPP was solved using several cases of the fitness function shown in Table 6. In addition, the solution reported in [17], [18], [19] where used to estimate the profits and the results were compared with the solutions generated in studied cases.
Simulation results
The proposed method is tested using the reduced 37-bus system model. The output solutions are shown in Table 6. The table results indicate that solving the capacitor placement problem (CPP) using several cases with various GA fitness, the cases 1 (F1) and 2 (F1) are shown no revenue. Fitness (F-2) as the objective function results indicate that the loss reduction is achieved, but the expected revenue is not achieved. Furthermore, F-3 act independently as the objective function results
Conclusion
The paper presented the modeling and analysis the proposed inter-tie between West and East regions of SEC. Randomly static capacitor banks were installed at the ends of the inter-tie, the stability margins were enhanced, reactive power flow and power factor indicated clear improvements over no capacitor bank case. The case of adding series compensation capacitors, indeed possessed optimum solution to reduce the reactive power from 463.652 MVAR to 86.488MVAR, such reduction of MVAR on the
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Deanship of Scientific Research, King Faisal University, through the funded project #140013. The authors thank Saudi Electricity Company for providing such study data and other information, also appreciate all the editorial staff of Computers and Electrical Engineering Journal as well the critical comments by the reviewers.
M. H. Shwehdi obtained his B.Sc. from Univ. of Tripoli, Libya, M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees in EE from the USC in 1975 and from MSU in 1985. He taught in the US for 10years. At present, he is full professor at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include Power Systems, High Voltage, Power Quality and Renewable energies.
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M. H. Shwehdi obtained his B.Sc. from Univ. of Tripoli, Libya, M.Sc. and Ph.D. Degrees in EE from the USC in 1975 and from MSU in 1985. He taught in the US for 10years. At present, he is full professor at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. His research interests include Power Systems, High Voltage, Power Quality and Renewable energies.
S.Raja Mohamed is a Lecturer in Electrical Engineering at King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Received his B.E. and M.E. in EE from M.K University and Anna University, India, 1998 and 2004 respectively. He has teaching experience in the India, Oman. Research Interests include power systems, power electronics and its applications such as in PV systems, reliability, harmonics, micro-grid.
D. Devaraj completed his B.E and M.E in Electrical Engineering in 1992 and 1994, respectively, from Thiagarajar College of Engineering, India. He received his Ph.D. degree from IIT Madras, India in 2001. Presently, he is the Director-Academic & Dean-SEET at Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Academy (KARE), India. His research interests include Power system security, voltage stability and evolutionary algorithm.
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