WBMOAIS: A novel artificial immune system for multiobjective optimization
Introduction
Many real-world problems involve the simultaneous optimization of various and often conflicting objectives. Often, there is no single optimal solution, but rather a set of alternative solutions. These solutions are optimal in the wider sense that no other solutions in the search space are superior to them when all objectives are considered. They are known as Pareto-optimal solutions.
For multiobjective optimization problems (MOOPs), evolutionary algorithms (EAs) in general have been demonstrated to be effective and efficient tools for finding approximations of the Pareto front. For a good overview of the current state-of-the-art in multiobjective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs), we refer the reader to some of the main books in the field [16], [30].
During the last decade, based on principles of the immune system, a new paradigm, called artificial immune system (AIS), has been employed for developing interesting algorithms in many fields such as pattern recognition, computer defense, optimization, and others [17], [31]. However, very few direct approaches to MOOPs using AIS have been proposed, and most of the existing work considers the use of AIS as a tool for keeping diversity in the population of a genetic algorithm (GA) [4] or handling constraints in EAs [12]. The first reported approach which uses AIS for solving MOOPs was proposed by Yoo and Hajela [9]. In their approach, AIS is used for modifying the fitness values of a GA. Although Yoo and Hajela's algorithm cannot be considered a true multiobjective artificial immune system (MOAIS), it is a pioneer in using AIS ideas in MOOPs. Coello Coello and Cruz Cortés in 2002 presented a MOAIS based on the clonal selection theory [18]. The algorithm, called the multiobjective immune system algorithm (MISA), can be considered the really first attempt to solve MOOPs directly with AIS. The performance of MISA has been improved in further work of the same authors in 2005 [23]. In the following year, based on opt-aiNET, the multi-modal AIS optimization algorithm proposed by Castro and Timmis [19], Freschi and Repetto presented a vector immune system (VIS) [26]. In the Freschi and Repetto study, VIS follows the elementary structure of the opt-aiNET optimization algorithm, and the differences between opt-aiNET and VIS are very few. Besides them, many approaches using the AIS metaphor have been presented in recent years. Representatives of them include Luh and Chueh's multiobjective immune algorithm (MOCSA) [21], [22], the immune dominance clonal multiobjective algorithm (IDCMA) presented by Jiao et al. [24], [25], the immune forgetting multiobjective optimization algorithm (IFMOA) suggested by Wang et al. [27], the adaptive clonal selection algorithm for multiobjective optimization (ACSAMO) proposed by Wang and Mahfouf [28], and Zhang's multiobjective optimization immune algorithm in dynamic environments [29].
In this study, like VIS, we follow the elementary structure of opt-aiNET and present a novel multiobjective artificial immune algorithm, which is a metaheuristic algorithm for multiobjective optimization. Compared to the other MOAIS based on opt-aiNET, our proposed algorithm, called the weight-based multibojective artificial immune system (WBMOAIS), has its distinct features. Firstly, WBMOAIS uses a random weighted sum of multiple objectives as a fitness function. The fitness function is utilized by a local search algorithm to improve each clonal solution. Secondly, we define a term called similar individuals. Based on the definition, a new diversity approach, named truncation algorithm with similar individuals (TASI) is presented. Here we use two diversity approaches together, TASI and the clonal suppression algorithm which is similar to that used in opt-aiNET, to eliminate similar cells in memory. Furthermore, TASI is used as the main diversity approach in order to obtain a better distribution of Pareto-optimal solutions. In addition, the individuals of the population are chosen from the memory, and a local search procedure is utilized to improve the quality of the population. Our proposed algorithm, WBMOAIS, is tested on seven standard problems and compared with VIS and NSGA-II [20].
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. In the second section, the MOOP and some related terms are described. In the third section, we present a novel weight-based multiobjective artificial immune system, and propose a new diversity operator: TASI. Besides, a local search algorithm and the clonal suppression algorithm are also discussed. Numerical experiments on seven test problems are presented in the fourth section. The fifth section contains our conclusions and points to our future research direction.
Section snippets
Multiobjective optimization problem
A MOOP has a number of objective functions which are to be minimized or maximized. As in the single-objective optimization problem, here too the problem usually has a number of constraints which any feasible solution must satisfy. Without loss of generality, here the minimization for each objective is considered. In the following, we state the MOOP in its general form:where each , is an objective function, is the vector of decision variables
Opt-aiNET optimization algorithm
In recent years, some different AIS-based algorithms have been developed. One of the popular approaches is the clonal selection algorithm presented by de Castro and Von Zuben [17]. The clonal selection algorithm has shown a great ability for searching multiple optimal solutions. In 2002, de Castro and Timmis enhanced the clonal selection algorithm by combining it with immune network theory developed by Jerne [1], and furthermore proposed a new algorithm called opt-aiNET. The framework of the
Experiments
In this section, the proposed algorithm WBMOAIS is compared against two state-of-the-art algorithms: NSGA-II and VIS. The two algorithms have been chosen for the following reasons: the elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II, NSGA-II, is one of the popular multiobjective evolutionary algorithms, has achieved much attention in the multiobjective optimization literature, and has become a de facto reference algorithm in various studies. VIS is an approach for solving MOOPs based on
Conclusion
In this study, based on opt-aiNET, a novel multiobjective artificial immune algorithm is presented. Moreover, we carefully choose seven test problems from many studies to assess the ability of WBMOAIS in detecting the true Pareto front, and point out its particular challenging difficulty and its possible true Pareto front for each problem. The proposed algorithm WBMOAIS is compared with VIS and NSGA-II. Numerical results show WBMOAIS has better behavior than VIS for all metrics except that VIS
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the comments from the anonymous reviewers, which greatly helped us to improve the contents of the paper.
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