Production, Manufacturing and LogisticsOptimal retailer’s replenishment decisions in the EPQ model under two levels of trade credit policy
Introduction
The traditional economic order quantity (EOQ) model is widely used by practitioners as a decision-making tool for the control of inventory. The EOQ model assumes that the retailer’s capitals are unrestricting and must be paid for the items as soon as the items are received. However, this may not be true. In practice, the supplier will offer the retailer a delay period, which is the trade credit period, in paying for the amount of purchasing cost. Before the end of the trade credit period, the retailer can sell the goods and accumulate revenue and earn interest. A higher interest is charged if the payment is not settled by the end of the trade credit period. Therefore, it makes economic sense for the retailer to delay the settlement of the replenishment account up to the last moment of the permissible period allowed by the supplier. In a real world, the supplier often makes use of this policy to promote his commodities.
Goyal [16] established a single-item inventory model under permissible delay in payments. Chand and Ward [3] analyzed Goyal’s problem [16] under assumptions of the classical economic order quantity model, and obtained different results. Chung [10], [11] developed an alternative approach to determine the economic order quantity under condition of permissible delay in payments. Shah [28], Aggarwal and Jaggi [1] considered the inventory model with exponential deterioration rate under the condition of permissible delay in payments. Chu et al. [9] and Chung et al. [13] also extended Goyal’s model [16] to the case of deterioration. Liao et al. [24] and Sarker et al. [26] investigated this topic with inflation. Jamal et al. [21] and Chang and Dye [6] extended this issue with allowable shortage. Chung [12] developed an alternative approach to modify Shah’s [28] solution. Chang et al. [7] extended this issue with linear trend demand. Chen and Chuang [8] investigated light buyer’s inventory policy under trade credit by the concept of discounted cash flow. Kim et al. [23] developed an optimal credit policy to increase wholesaler’s profits with price-dependent demand functions. Hwang and Shinn [20] modeled an inventory system for retailer’s pricing and lot sizing policy for exponential deteriorating products under the condition of permissible delay in payment. Jamal et al. [22] and Sarker et al. [27] addressed the optimal payment time under permissible delay in payment with deterioration. Shawky and Abou-El-Ata [29] investigated the production lot-size model with both restrictions on the average inventory level and trade-credit policy using geometric programming and Lagrange approaches. Teng [31] assumed that the selling price not equal to the purchasing price to modify the inventory model under permissible delay in payments. Shinn and Hwang [30] determined the retailer’s optimal price and order size simultaneously under the condition of order-size-dependent delay in payments. They assumed that the length of the credit period is a function of the retailer’s order size, and also the demand rate is a function of the selling price. Arcelus et al. [2] modeled the retailer’s profit-maximizing retail promotion strategy, when confronted with a vendor’s trade promotion offer of credit and/or price discount on the purchase of regular or perishable merchandise. Chung and Huang [14] extended this problem within the EPQ framework and developed an efficient procedure to determine the retailer’s optimal ordering policy. Huang and Chung [19] extended Goyal’s model [16] to cash discount policy for early payment. Salameh et al. [25] extended this issue to continuous review inventory model. Chang et al. [5] and Chung and Liao [15] deal with the problem of determining the economic order quantity for exponentially deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments depending on the ordering quantity. Chang [4] extended this issue to inflation and finite time horizon. Huang [18] investigated that the unit selling price and the unit purchasing price are not necessarily equal within the EPQ framework under supplier’s trade credit policy.
All above models assumed that the supplier would offer the retailer a delay period and the retailer could sell the goods and accumulate revenue and earn interest within the trade credit period. They implicitly assumed that the customer would pay for the items as soon as the items are received from the retailer. That is, they assumed that the supplier would offer the retailer a delay period but the retailer would not offer the trade credit period to his/her customer in previously published results. In most business transactions, this assumption is debatable. We define this situation as one level of trade credit. In this paper, we adopt the viewpoint of Huang [17] to modify this assumption to assume that the retailer will adopt the trade credit policy to stimulate his/her customer demand to develop the retailer’s replenishment model. We define this situation as two levels of trade credit. Furthermore, we also adopt Huang’s assumption [17] that the retailer’s trade credit period offered by supplier M is not shorter than the customer’s trade credit period offered by retailer N (M ⩾ N). Since the retailer cannot earn any interest in this situation, M < N.
Another unrealistic assumption in the EOQ model is the infinite replenishment rate. So, we relax this assumption to finite replenishment rate. That is, the well-known economic production quantity (EPQ) framework. This viewpoint can be found in Chung and Huang [14]. Under these conditions, this paper incorporates both Chung and Huang [14] and Huang [17] under above conditions. Then we model the retailer’s inventory system to investigate the optimal retailer’s replenishment decisions under two levels of trade credit policy within the EPQ framework. Three theorems are developed to efficiently determine the optimal replenishment decisions for the retailer. We deduce some previously published results of other authors as special cases. Finally, numerical examples are given to illustrate these theorems obtained in this paper. In addition, we obtain a lot of managerial insights from numerical examples.
Section snippets
Model formulation and the convexity
The following notation and assumptions will be used throughout, most notation and assumptions adopted are the same as those in Chung and Huang [14] and Huang [17]:
- D
demand rate per year
- P
replenishment rate per year, P ⩾ D
- A
ordering cost per order
- c
unit purchasing price
- s
unit selling price, s ⩾ c
- h
unit stock holding cost per item per year excluding interest charges
- Ie
interest earned per $ per year
- Ik
interest charged per $ in stocks per year by the supplier
- M
retailer’s trade credit period offered by
Notation:
Decision rules of the optimal cycle time T∗
In this section, we develop efficient decision rules to find the optimal cycle time for the retailer.
(I) Chung and Huang’s model [14]
When N = 0 and s = c, letandThen for i = 5, 6, 7. Eq. (1a–d) will be reduced as follows:
Eqs. (27a–c) will be consistent with Eq. (6a–c) in Chung and Huang [14], respectively. In addition, Theorem 3, Theorem 4 in this paper will be modified
Numerical examples
To illustrate all results obtained in this paper, let us apply the proposed method to efficiently solve the following numerical examples.
From above Table 1, Table 2, we can observe the optimal cycle time with various parameters of P, N and s, respectively. The following inferences can be made based in Table 1, Table 2.
- (1)
When replenishment rate P is increasing, the optimal cycle time for the retailer will be decreasing. The retailer will order less quantity since the replenishment rate is faster
Summary and conclusions
This paper incorporates both Chung and Huang [14] and Huang [17] to investigate the optimal retailer’s replenishment decisions under two levels of trade credit policy within the economic production quantity (EPQ) framework to reflect the realistic business situations. Theorem 2, Theorem 3, Theorem 4 help the retailer in accurately and quickly determining the optimal replenishment decisions under minimizing the annual total relevant cost. When the customer’s trade credit period offered by the
Acknowledgements
The author would like to express his heartfelt thanks to anonymous referees for their most valuable comments and suggestions that have led to a significant improvement on an earlier version of this paper.
References (31)
- et al.
Retailer’s pricing, credit and inventory policies for deteriorating items in response to temporary price/credit incentives
Journal of Production Economics
(2003) An EOQ model with deteriorating items under inflation when supplier credits linked to order quantity
International Journal of Production Economics
(2004)- et al.
An EOQ model for deteriorating items under supplier credits linked to ordering quantity
Applied Mathematical Modelling
(2003) - et al.
Economic order quantity of deteriorating items under permissible delay in payments
Computers & Operations Research
(1998) A theorem on the determination of economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments
Computers & Operations Research
(1998)- et al.
The optimal cycle time for EPQ inventory model under permissible delay in payments
International Journal of Production Economics
(2003) - et al.
Lot-sizing decisions under trade credit depending on the ordering quantity
Computers & Operations Research
(2004) Optimal retailer’s replenishment policy for the EPQ model under supplier’s trade credit policy
Production Planning & Control
(2004)- et al.
Retailer’s pricing and lot sizing policy for exponentially deteriorating products under the condition of permissible delay in payments
Computers & Operations Research
(1997) - et al.
Optimal payment time for a retailer under permitted delay of payment by the wholesaler
International Journal of Production Economics
(2000)
An optimal credit policy to increase wholesaler’s profits with price dependent demand functions
Production Planning & Control
An inventory model with deteriorating items under inflation when a delay in payment is permissible
International Journal of Production Economics
Continuous review inventory model with delay in payments
International Journal of Production Economics
Supply chain model for perishable products under inflation and permissible delay in payment
Computers & Operations Research
Optimal pricing and ordering policies for retailers under order-size-dependent delay in payments
Computers and Operations Research
Cited by (177)
Strategic decisions in an imperfect quality and inspection scenario under two-stage credit financing with order overlapping approach
2022, Expert Systems with ApplicationsCitation Excerpt :In the history of inventory management, Huang (2003) first introduced such type of trade credit. Post this, a lot of work on the same has been done, Huang (2007), Teng and Chang (2009), Teng et al. (2009), Jaggi and Kausar (2011), Chung (2012), Annadurai and Uthayakumar (2013), Khanna et al. (2017a), Manna et al. (2017a), Tsao (2017) to mention a few. Further, Cárdenas-Barrón et al. (2020) developed an economic order quantity model by assuming non-zero ending inventory level and trade credit being offered to the retailer.
Trade credit research before and after the global financial crisis of 2008 – A bibliometric overview
2020, Research in International Business and FinanceArtificial intelligence based supply chain management strategy during COVID-19 situation
2024, Supply Chain ForumSupplier - Retailer inventory coordination with trade credit for seasonal demand in FMCG sector
2023, AIP Conference Proceedings