O.R. ApplicationsOperations research practice on logistics management in Taiwan: An academic view
Introduction
Despite being mainly associated with IT-related industries, the logistics industry in Taiwan began in the 1980s with less specific industrial characteristics and mainly provided warehousing and material handling services, lagging far behind its Western counterparts. Not until the late 1990s did related industry policies begin to develop, due to increasing pressure from Western customers for global logistics capabilities, while service industries exhibited the trend of tailor-made logistics and large-variety-and-small-quantity home delivery. Logistics industry operations were moving toward the goals of process integration and value-added, innovative services (Hsieh, 2003).
As the form of services has changed, so there have been different hardware requirements. Racks, forklifts and pallet trucks were replaced with modern wireless hand-held terminals, electronic tags, WMS systems, and high-speed selectors. Software requirements were more closely connected with information systems through communications enabled by software languages such as ASP and XML. Application technologies, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), were developed.
It is not uncommon for scholars to conduct studies on logistics problems using operations research (OR) technologies. However, while logistics providers are busy upgrading their hardware facilities, few adopt OR to increase their competitiveness. Kao et al. (1997) conducted a questionnaire survey on the operations of 1000 top enterprises in both the manufacturing and service industries in Taiwan. The questionnaire attempted to find the status of OR department within enterprises, frequently used OR techniques, frequency of OR use in different occupations, difficulties encountered in OR practice, and supporting factors for successful OR applications. The survey found that 37.4% of enterprises interviewed did not establish any OR-related departments and the frequency of OR use was below average. Among reasons given for using OR, most interviewed enterprises chose the ability of “solving problems efficiently.” Their study indicated OR is still not widely applied in enterprise operations, even though it is believed by many to be useful.
Though helpful in theory and practice, current OR applications in the Taiwan logistics industry remain unknown, while it is difficult to tell if departments and graduate institutes offer sufficient OR-related courses or if the courses meet the logistics industry requirements. By collecting teacher opinions of OR-related courses at logistics institutes, this research can help to better understand opinions about OR education and current OR use in the domestic logistics industry to determine if there is any gap between education and actual industrial needs.
Section snippets
Literature review
Most OR studies cover issues such as linear programming, transportation problems, assignment problems, network analysis, dynamic programming, game theory, integer programming, queuing models, and decision theory (Hiller and Lieberman, 1996). However, according to members from both academia and industry of the Committee on the Next Decade in Operation Research (CONDOR, 1988), the focus of OR development in the future lies in optimization (including linear programming, non-linear programming, and
Research method
Questionnaires were used to obtain educator opinions at logistics departments in Taiwan concerning applications of OR techniques in the domestic logistics industry. The questionnaire targets, survey process, questionnaire design, and statistics method in this study are explained as follows:
Educator understanding of current OR practices in the logistics industry; reasons for or use and seldom used
As illustrated in Table 1, according to the returned questionnaires, among the 37 responders, 18 had an engineering background while 19 had a transportation/management background, accounting for around 50% of total respondents.
Types of OR units: as shown in Table 2, 17 of the 37 respondents (45.95%) indicated that OR units were non-official, while 16 (43.24%) indicated an absence of OR-related organizational units.
Sources of logistics industry OR techniques in Taiwan: This question allowed more
Conclusions
Questionnaire results show that responding educators believe that Taiwan’s logistics industry still lacks OR-related organizational units while the major OR technique source lies in individual employee training. They also believe that the major reason why OR techniques are not widely used is that companies are not familiar with OR techniques and also lack OR professionals. In addition, they consider that OR training at the university and graduate school level is too theoretical and does not
Acknowledgements
Research grant support from National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 95-2516-S-327-008-MY2) is gratefully acknowledged. Also, the authors would like to express their appreciation to the anonymous referees for their constructive comments.
Yen-Chun Jim Wu is Associate Professor with the Department of Logistics Management at National Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology, Taiwan. His papers have appeared in Sloan Management Review, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, International Journal of Supply Chain Management, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics
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Yen-Chun Jim Wu is Associate Professor with the Department of Logistics Management at National Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology, Taiwan. His papers have appeared in Sloan Management Review, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, International Journal of Operations & Production Management, International Journal of Supply Chain Management, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, International Journal of Logistics Management, International Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, and Journal of Enterprise Information Management. His research interests include supply chain management, technology management, and lean manufacturing. He holds a Ph.D. in Industrial & Operations Engineering from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
I.C. Huang is a graduate student with the Department of Logistics Management at National Kaohsiung First University of Science & Technology, Taiwan.