Process control strategies for a steel making furnace using ANN with bayesian regularization and ANFIS
Introduction
Proper control of a manufacturing facility is essential for the production of consistent good quality end product. A good control strategy also ensures less wastage, less breakdowns and also do guarantee enhanced safety for the personals involved. The literature on the development and use of control strategies is vast with areas ranging from mathematical model based control techniques (Billings et al., 1979, Ho and Chandratilleke, 1991) to that of intelligent control techniques involving techniques such as fuzzy logic (FL) (Kocaarslan et al., 2006, Lah et al., 2006, Shaocheng et al., 2005), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) (Horng, 2008, Liu et al., 2007, Zarate and Bittencout, 2008) and neuro-fuzzy systems, an amalgamation of FL and ANN (Krause et al., 1994, Rao and Gupta, 1994, Tian and Collins, 2005). The choice of a particular control strategy depends on the process to be controlled, amount of information available pertaining to the process being controlled and also the practical and the economic feasibility of a particular control strategy. The implementation of mathematical model based control techniques requires the complete understanding of the process. A clear understanding of the inputs and outputs behavior and their interactions is imperative and as such one should be able to map the functional relationship between them. However, for most of the processes, a distinct mathematical functional relationship between the inputs and the outputs is hard to establish due to the complexity of the concerned process and incomplete and imprecise information pertaining to the process. In contrast to this, control strategies based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques namely, FL and ANN does not require the in-depth understanding of the microscopic behavior of the concerned process. Hence, AI techniques are the preferred choice for modeling of complex and ill-understood processes. The mathematical details of AI based tools and techniques are given in Rajasekharan and Pai, 2003, Hagan et al., 1996, Hagan and Menhaj, 1994.
Due to the ease with which they can be developed and applied in real life situation, AI based control strategies have found wide range of applications in from aeronautics (Savran, Tasaltin, & Becerikli, 2006) to roller kiln involved in the manufacturing of ceramic tiles (Dinh & Afzulpurkar, 2007). ANN with linear filters and trained with back propagation (BP) algorithm was used for the designing of a controller for an unmanned research aircraft (Suresh & Kannan, 2008). ANN based control strategies have found widespread application in the area of electrical engineering. It has been used for modeling the behavior of an AC servo motor (Horng, 2008). ANN has also been used for development of a controller for controlling the speed of a synchronous motor drive (Elmas, Ustun, & Sayan, 2008) and induction motor drive (Ren & Chen, 2006). Apart from that ANN was employed for temperature control of a high voltage DC resistive drive (Yilmaz, Dincer, Eksin, & Kalenderli, 2007). Robotics is another field where ANN based control scheme has been widely used (Chatchanayuenyong and Parnichkun, 2006, Huang et al., 2008, Sato and Ishii, 2006, Thanh and Ahn, 2006). Other usage of ANN based control strategy include prediction of the parameters of gas metal arc welding process (Ates, 2007), development of control system for gun fire (Lee, 2007), development of a controller for an air conditioner (Liu et al., 2007), control of batch reactors in a chemical industry (Mujtaba, Aziz, & Hussain, 2006), and controlling air fuel ratio in a spark ignition engine (Wang, Yu, Gomm, Page, & Douglas, 2006). Control strategies based on the combination of neural network and fuzzy logic or neuro-fuzzy approaches were also cited in the literature (Rao & Gupta, 1994). Application of neuro-fuzzy controller ranges from airbag controller design for automobiles (Mon, 2007) to design of controllers for power plants (Alturki & Abdennour, 1999). Apart from these, neuro-fuzzy controllers have found application in refuse incineration plant, flexible manipulator system and in the field of robotics (Aguilar et al., 2003, Naadimuthu et al., 2007, Rao and Gupta, 1994, Tian and Collins, 2005).
Table 1 lists some of the control strategies adopted in Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) and other steel making furnaces. As evident, majority of those are based on mathematical model developed from first principles. A couple of them dealt with the control strategy of electrode positioning controller (Billings et al., 1979, Nicholson and Roebuck, 1972). Control of EAF off-gas process has also been carried out (Bekker et al., 2000, Kirschen et al., 2006). Other applications include estimation of tap temperature (Fernandez, Cabal, Montequin, & Balsera, 2008) and designing of set-point controllers for an EAF cooling system (Shinohara & Goodall, 2004). Estimation of the chemical composition of the final steel alloy (Ekmekci, Yetisken, & Camdali, 2007) with the aid of mass balance modeling and estimation of the various output variables of a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) (Kubat, Taskin, Artir, & Yilmaz, 2004) were also carried out.
In this study, a control strategy for the EAF has been attempted with the aid of AI tools such as FL and ANN. ANN model which is an emulation of the biological neuron system and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) (Melin and Castillo, 2005, Mon, 2007, Shing and Jang, 1993), a fusion between ANN and FL were employed for prediction of the control action of the EAF. Following the developed AI tools, several models have been developed for predicting amount of oxygen to be lanced into the EAF. The methodology for the developments is presented in Section 2. Two types of models are developed using full sampling and limited sampling scheme. The application of these models is described in Section 3. The possible implications of the study to the industry have been discussed in Section 4 followed by the conclusions in Section 5.
Section snippets
Research setting
The work carried out consists of the prediction of control action in the EAF of a Steel Making Shop (SMS) for an integrated steel plant. An EAF is used for refining the molten metal which is subsequently converted into steel in the form of billets, blooms or slabs Fig. 1 depicts the process flow of the concerned SMS. The EAF under consideration is of 40 ton capacity and uses molten metal, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) and scrap as the main raw material or charge composition. Along with molten metal,
Data collection and analysis
The methodology developed above is employed for prediction of the control action, the amount oxygen to be lanced at each sampling instant. The subsequent subsections delve in detail about the data being collected and analysis being carried out.
Industrial implications
The usage of the ANN and ANFIS models in prediction of the control action may ultimately aid in the abolition of the manual regulatory control action being carried out by the operators. Manual regulatory control based on human expertise is considered a safe and proven approach provided the expert opinion is emanated from an experienced operator or supervisor well conversant with the process. Thus manual regulatory control is totally subservient to human cognition which has the potential to
Conclusions
The study involved devising control strategies for a EAF. ANN with Bayesian Regularization and ANFIS were used for development of the control strategies. AI techniques can model the process based on process history data without requiring deep and intense knowledge about the process concerned. Two control strategies were proposed, one based on full sampling and the other based on limited sampling. For the full sampling case, two predictive models were developed, one based on ANN with Bayesian
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and cooperation provided by the management and operating staff of the SMS during the course of this study and Mr. V. V. Khanzode, Research Scholar, IEM, IIT Kharagpur during the analysis.
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