A logistic mapping-based encryption scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks☆
Introduction
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), Cyber-physical systems (CPS), and modern wireless communication technology such as 5G in recent years, the Internet of Everything has become a norm in every individual’s mind which makes our life more and more convenient. The interaction of a large number of IoT devices has led to a surge in various types of digital data in the private and public networks. However, increasing researchers are concerning the security issue of data in IoT devices resulting from that, normally, IoT devices have limited hardware resources and power supply which leads to scant security measures for massive data [1], [2]. Therefore, how to design or choose a data protection scheme or algorithm in IoT devices that can balance the trade-off between hardware resources utilization and protection level becomes a hot topic in the IoT area.
This paradox is especially true when it comes to Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) which plays a significant role in the IoT scenario. WBAN is a network dedicated to the communication between implanted or wearable biomedical sensors and centralized devices in the human being [3] as illustrated in Fig. 1. It provides a feasible wireless solution for the front end of remote physical condition monitoring, remote diagnosis, emergency services and other types of remote medical services in eHealthcare system [4] as shown in Fig. 2. As can be seen, the purpose of WBAN is long term 24 by 7 real-time physical condition monitoring with ultra-low power consumption since replacing or charging battery for implanted or wearable devices in a small period of time, such as every few days, could be extremely inconvenient and unacceptable for the users. For instance, an implanted smart pacemaker can operate for years without replacing the battery. In other words, biomedical sensors must have relatively simple hardware architecture and ultra-low power consumption to fulfill the power constrain for long term operation [5]. On the other hand, personal data collected by biomedical sensors in WBANs, including blood pressure, glucose levels, parameters for insulin pump, parameters for pacemakers, and so on, are extremely critical [6]. Tampering or hacking into the network could cause fatal health issues. However, a well-reputed encryption algorithm which can provide sufficient data protection to WBAN communications such as Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) consumes too much power and computing resources [7]. Actually, WBANs technology will not be adopted if there are still security concerns regarding the WBANs [8]. Therefore, in order to resolve the dilemma between hardware resources utilization and data security protection, a matured lightweight encryption scheme which also meets the security requirements of WBANs needs to be proposed.
Chaos is a kind of unpredictable and similar random motion-sensitive to initial values in a deterministic dynamical system. The pseudo-random sequence generated by a chaotic map has good randomness, correlation, and complexity, which includes unique cryptography characteristics, so its derivative of the super chaotic map is widely used in the field of image encryption. Meanwhile, due to the advantages of low power consumption and low encryption latency, stream encryption has been widely utilized in WBANs devices [9]. For instance, [10] proposed an encryption method based on the combination of three of the graphical deflections seen on a typical electrocardiogram, which adopts the vital signs from the WBAN system to form the initial key, utilizes the linear feedback shift register circuit to generate the keystream and then encrypts the data in the WBANs. [11] proposed a security scheme for WBANs and corresponding hardware implementation based on the IEEE 802.15.6 standard. In the proposed design, the method for encryption key generation and management is Elliptic-curve cryptography, while for the cipher parts, steam encryption had been utilized. Therefore, considering the hardware and power restrictions of WBAN, Chaos-based stream encryption scheme could be a feasible solution for the paradox which balance the trade-off between hardware resources utilization and security protection strength.
In this paper, a Logistic mapping-based encryption scheme for WBANs has been proposed. Meanwhile, different levels of digital quantization for the chaotic sequence based on the circumstances have been analyzed. Furthermore, evaluation of the proposed encryption scheme in text, electrocardiogram data, and standard figure has been performed to verify the protection strength. Finally, the proposed encryption scheme has been implemented and synthesized in Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) using 65 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology to verify the hardware performance and efficiency.
This paper is organized into five sections. Section 2 presents the preliminaries and related work of the proposed design. Afterward, the digital quantization method for various circumstances in WBANs and the detailed encryption algorithm are demonstrated in Section 3. Furthermore, evaluation and further analysis of the performance are illustrated in Section 4. Finally, the last section concludes the performed work and discusses the potential future work.
Section snippets
Chaos and logistic mapping
The diffusion and chaotic effect of encryption system are similar to that of traditional encryption algorithms. There are structure similarity and natural connection between chaos and cryptography. What leads to chaotic mixing characteristics of orbits is that the sensitivity of initial values in chaos has direct relation to their orbits. The diffusion characteristics of an encryption system in cryptography are in accord with the sensitivity of initial values in chaos. The chaotic
Quantization in different circumstances in WBANs
In a certain chaotic system, Lyapunov factor is utilized to evaluate the chaotic characteristic [23]. The larger Lyapunov factor is, the better the random property of the system has. The formula for calculating the Lyapunov factor in n-dimensions is illustrated in Eq. (2). However, for a fixed bit quantized chaotic system, it is impossible to calculate its Lyapunov factor since the points are discrete and not differentiable. Therefore, we decided to use the
Hardware evaluation
The proposed Logistic mapping encryption scheme for WBANs is implemented with VHDL. It has been synthesized using SMIC 60 nm CMOS technology. Table 3 shows the synthesize report for all 12 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, and 32 bits quantization Logistic mapping based chaotic system. Also, the synthesize report of floating point-based chaotic system is also illustrated for making the performance comparison.
One thing that needs to be emphasized is that in ASIC implementation, only the highest precision
Conclusion and future work
This paper studies the application of chaotic system in digital image encryption system. What we mainly study is logistics mapping. Logistic mapping is extremely sensitive to the initial value and has good pseudo-random properties and unpredictability of orbit. At the same time, logistics mapping can generate pseudo-random sequences with good correlation. But in a digital system, the insufficient precision seriously limits the application and development of logistic mapping. In this paper,
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Junchao Wang was born in 1990. He received the B.E. degree in Microelectronics from Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China, in 013, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, US, in 015, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 019. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University. His current research
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2023, Future Generation Computer SystemsCitation Excerpt :Considering the fact that as the fundamental network support for e-Healthcare systems, unauthorized access and illegal data tampering in WBANs may cause vital issues to the users, the standard also recommended Elliptic Curve Public Key Cryptography (ECC) and Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as the security method. However, after the rapid growth of wearable and implanted medical and long-term health monitoring devices in recent years, an increasing number of researchers and engineers are challenging whether those traditional methods are suitable security methods for WBANs [2]. The main reason is that the limited hardware resources and power supply can hardly support the complicated computation from ECC and AES [3].
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Junchao Wang was born in 1990. He received the B.E. degree in Microelectronics from Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China, in 013, the M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, US, in 015, and the Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering from McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 019. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University. His current research interests include Body Area Network, stochastic computing, low power VLSI, and CNFET.
Kaining Han was born in 1991. He received the B.E. degree and Ph.D. degree in communication engineering from the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China, in 014 and 019. He was a Graduate Research Trainee with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Currently, he is an Assistant Professor with the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University. His research interests include highspeed low-power DSP technology with VLSI, wireless body area networks and stochastic computing based system designs.
Shengwen Fan was born in 1996. He received the B.E.degree in Electronic Science and technology from Hunan City University, Yiyang, China, in 014. He is currently pursuing the M.S. degree in electronic and communication engineering in Shantou University. His current research interests include Body Area Network and chaos theory.
Ying Zhang was born in 1998. She received the B.E. degree in electronic and communication engineering from Hubei University. She is currently pursuing the M.S. degree in electronic and communication engineering in Shantou University. Her current research interest is biomedical engineering.
Honghao Tan was born in 1996. He received the B.E. degree in electronic and communication engineering from South China University of Technology. He is currently pursuing the M.S. degree in electronic and communication engineering in Shantou University. His current research interest is biomedical engineering.
Gwanggil Jeon received the Ph.D. degree in Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 008. From 008 to 009, he was with the Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, from 009 to 011, he was with the School of Information Technology and Engineering (SITE), University of Ottawa, as a postdoctoral fellow, and from 011 to 0 , he was with the Graduate School of Science & Technology, Niigata University, as an assistant professor. He is currently a professor at Xidian University and Incheon National University. His research interests fall under the umbrella of image processing, particularly image compression, motion estimation, demosaicking, and image enhancement as well as computational intelligence such as fuzzy and rough sets theories. He was the recipient of the IEEE Chester Sall Award in 007 and the 008 ETRI Journal Paper Award.
Yu Pang received the Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at McGill University in 010. Now he is a professor at Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His current research interests include wireless communications, circuit design and parallel computing.
Jinzhao Lin, He obtained Ph.D from Chongqing University in 001. Now he is a profess or of Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications. His research interests include wireless communications and digital signal processing.