The influence of individual differences on continuance intentions of enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Introduction
A growing number of studies are analyzing the influence of individual differences on the diffusion of information technology (IT) in the workplace. Individual differences refer to factors such as personality, situational, demographic variables that affect information system (IS) users’ beliefs and behavior (Agarwal and Prasad, 1998). Evidence (Compeau and Higgins, 1995a; Thatcher and Perrewe, 2002) shows that stable situation-specific individual differences such as personal innovativeness in IT (PIIT) as well as dynamic, situation-specific individual differences such as general computer self-efficacy (GCSE) and computer anxiety (CA) play a key role in individuals’ beliefs about their use of IS. Dynamic individual differences refer to malleable dispositions that affect individuals’ responses to stimuli. Stable, situation-specific traits predispose individuals to consistent response, but such traits are applicable only to narrow context or specific targets (such as using new or complex IT).
Although a large number of studies suggest that individual differences affect IS use (Compeau et al., 1999; Thatcher and Perrewe, 2002; Thatcher et al., 2007), relatively few of prior studies delineated the relationships between individual differences and enterprise resource planning (ERP) users’ continuance intention. ERP users’ reaction may be different from that of other types of IT users due to ERP's complexity. Using ERP systems entails familiarity with both ERP functions and application problem domain as ERP refers to commercial software systems that aim for providing best practices that can be integrated into the business processes (Hong and Kim, 2002; Liang et al., 2007). In addition, implementing ERP usually entails high cost, and successful ERP implementation (initial stage of ERP) does not necessarily lead to the success of ERP post-implementation (middle stage of ERP) (Rajagopal, 2002). This is so because ERP users lack complete will to determine whether they use ERP systems in the initial stage, while the decision on whether they continue using ERP and how they adapt to the distinctive features of ERP are not always mandatory. Since ERP plays a crucial role in firms’ effectiveness and refers to important investment in IT, this study aims to better understand how individual differences affect ERP users’ continuance intention, particularly in the post-implementation stage of ERP.
We developed a research model based on expectation-confirmation theory (ECT) (Oliver, 1980), which was used as an analytical lens to explain how individual differences affect satisfaction and intention of IS continuance. Theory suggests that situation-specific, stable traits such as PIIT affect dynamic individual differences such as CA and GCSE, which in turn lead to individuals’ beliefs and behaviors (Bandura, 1997; Harrison and Rainer, 1992; Thatcher and Perrewe, 2002). Specifically, understanding how PIIT, CA, and GCSE affect ERP users’ continuance intention would be of value for developing more effective ERP training programs. In addition, this study also investigates whether individuals’ prior experience with ERP has a moderating effect on the relationships among individual differences and ERP continuance, because long-term usage intention such as continuance is likely to be affected by prior experience of IT usage (Bhattacherjee and Premkumar, 2004).
Survey method and partial least squares (PLS) were used for data collection and assessment of hypotheses, respectively. The study deepens understanding of how complementary variables (dynamic versus stable individual differences) affect intention of ERP continuance. Further, we also provide insight into the relationships among dynamic, IT-specific individual differences (i.e., CA and GCSE) and stable, situation-specific traits (i.e., PIIT) in the context of ERP usage. Finally, this study helps us realize how the residual effects of ERP experience influence the relationships between individuals’ differences and ERP continuance.
Section snippets
Theory and literature review
The theoretical model underpinning this study is presented in Fig. 1, suggesting that satisfaction and continuance intention are a function of dynamic individual differences (i.e., CA and GCSE), and stable individual differences (i.e., PIIT). The following sections elaborate on the constructs in the model and the proposed relationships among them.
Research methodology
To test the proposed model, we used the survey method for data collection, and examined our hypotheses by applying the partial least squares to 305 useful data. The unit of analysis was the individual.
Data analysis
The proposed model and hypotheses were evaluated by PLS, which is a structural equation modeling technique that simultaneously evaluates the reliability and validity of the measures of theoretical constructs. The relationship among these constructs can also be estimated by PLS (Chin et al., 2003). PLS can be used to assess measurement and structural models with multi-item constructs, including direct and indirect effects, (Ahuja and Thatcher, 2005; Chin et al., 2003). We used PLS-Graph Version
Explaining ERP continuance intention
Our findings support ECT's contention that satisfaction with IS use is the strongest predicator of users’ continuance intention, followed by computer anxiety as a significant but weaker predicator. Unlike users’ belief (perceived usefulness), neither PIIT nor GCSE affect continuance intention directly, but both of them affect continuance intention indirectly (as shown in Fig. 2). These results extend ECT by demonstrating that in addition to satisfaction and IS users’ belief (perceived
Conclusion
This study extends individual differences literature by offering a theory-driven explanation for examining the relationships among individual differences and satisfaction/continuance in the context of a middle stage of ERP implementation. We found that individual differences (either stable individual differences such as PIIT or dynamic individual differences such as CA and CSE) affected satisfaction (directly or indirectly), which in turn led to continuance intention. In addition, ERP
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